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INDENT(1) General Commands Manual INDENT(1)
indent - changes the appearance of a C program by inserting or
deleting whitespace.
indent [options] [input-files]
indent [options] [single-input-file] [-o output-file]
indent --version
This man page is generated from the file indent.texinfo. This is
Edition of "The indent Manual", for Indent Version , last
updated .
The indent program can be used to make code easier to read. It
can also convert from one style of writing C to another.
indent understands a substantial amount about the syntax of C,
but it also attempts to cope with incomplete and misformed
syntax.
In version 1.2 and more recent versions, the GNU style of
indenting is the default.
-as, --align-with-spaces
If using tabs for indentation, use spaces for alignment.
See INDENTATION.
-bad, --blank-lines-after-declarations
Force blank lines after the declarations.
See BLANK LINES.
-bap, --blank-lines-after-procedures
Force blank lines after procedure bodies.
See BLANK LINES.
-bbb, --blank-lines-before-block-comments
Force blank lines before block comments.
See BLANK LINES.
-bbo, --break-before-boolean-operator
Prefer to break long lines before boolean operators.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-bc, --blank-lines-after-commas
Force newline after comma in declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bl, --braces-after-if-line
Put braces on line after if, etc.
See STATEMENTS.
-blf, --braces-after-func-def-line
Put braces on line following function definition line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-blin, --brace-indentn
Indent braces n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-bls, --braces-after-struct-decl-line
Put braces on the line after struct declaration lines.
See DECLARATIONS.
-br, --braces-on-if-line
Put braces on line with if, etc.
See STATEMENTS.
-brf, --braces-on-func-def-line
Put braces on function definition line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-brs, --braces-on-struct-decl-line
Put braces on struct declaration line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bs, --Bill-Shannon, --blank-before-sizeof
Put a space between sizeof and its argument.
See STATEMENTS.
-cn, --comment-indentationn
Put comments to the right of code in column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cbin, --case-brace-indentationn
Indent braces after a case label N spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-cdn, --declaration-comment-columnn
Put comments to the right of the declarations in column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cdb, --comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines
Put comment delimiters on blank lines.
See COMMENTS.
-cdw, --cuddle-do-while
Cuddle while of do {} while; and preceding ‘}’.
See COMMENTS.
-ce, --cuddle-else
Cuddle else and preceding ‘}’.
See COMMENTS.
-cin, --continuation-indentationn
Continuation indent of n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-clin, --case-indentationn
Case label indent of n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-cpn, --else-endif-columnn
Put comments to the right of #else and #endif statements in
column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cs, --space-after-cast
Put a space after a cast operator.
See STATEMENTS.
-dn, --line-comments-indentationn
Set indentation of comments not to the right of code to n
spaces.
See COMMENTS.
-bfda, --break-function-decl-args
Break the line before all arguments in a declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bfde, --break-function-decl-args-end
Break the line after the last argument in a declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-dj, --left-justify-declarations
If -cd 0 is used then comments after declarations are left
justified behind the declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-din, --declaration-indentationn
Put variables in column n.
See DECLARATIONS.
-fc1, --format-first-column-comments
Format comments in the first column.
See COMMENTS.
-fca, --format-all-comments
Do not disable all formatting of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-fnc, --fix-nested-comments
Fix nested comments.
See COMMENTS.
-gnu, --gnu-style
Use GNU coding style. This is the default.
See COMMON STYLES.
-gts, --gettext-strings
Treat gettext _("...") and N_("...") as strings rather than
as functions.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-hnl, --honour-newlines
Prefer to break long lines at the position of newlines in the
input.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-in, --indent-leveln
Set indentation level to n spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-iln, --indent-labeln
Set offset for labels to column n.
See INDENTATION.
-ipn, --parameter-indentationn
Indent parameter types in old-style function definitions by n
spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-kr, --k-and-r-style
Use Kernighan & Ritchie coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-ln, --line-lengthn
Set maximum line length for non-comment lines to n.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-lcn, --comment-line-lengthn
Set maximum line length for comment formatting to n.
See COMMENTS.
-linux, --linux-style
Use Linux coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-lp, --continue-at-parentheses
Line up continued lines at parentheses.
See INDENTATION.
-lps, --leave-preprocessor-space
Leave space between ‘#’ and preprocessor directive.
See INDENTATION.
-nlps, --remove-preprocessor-space
Remove space between ‘#’ and preprocessor directive.
See INDENTATION.
-nbad, --no-blank-lines-after-declarations
Do not force blank lines after declarations.
See BLANK LINES.
-nbap, --no-blank-lines-after-procedures
Do not force blank lines after procedure bodies.
See BLANK LINES.
-nbbo, --break-after-boolean-operator
Do not prefer to break long lines before boolean operators.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nbc, --no-blank-lines-after-commas
Do not force newlines after commas in declarations.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nbfda, --dont-break-function-decl-args
Don’t put each argument in a function declaration on a
separate line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-ncdb, --no-comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines
Do not put comment delimiters on blank lines.
See COMMENTS.
-ncdw, --dont-cuddle-do-while
Do not cuddle } and the while of a do {} while;.
See STATEMENTS.
-nce, --dont-cuddle-else
Do not cuddle } and else.
See STATEMENTS.
-ncs, --no-space-after-casts
Do not put a space after cast operators.
See STATEMENTS.
-ndjn, --dont-left-justify-declarations
Comments after declarations are treated the same as comments
after other statements.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nfc1, --dont-format-first-column-comments
Do not format comments in the first column as normal.
See COMMENTS.
-nfca, --dont-format-comments
Do not format any comments.
See COMMENTS.
-ngts, --no-gettext-strings
Treat gettext _("...") and N_("...") as normal functions.
This is the default.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nhnl, --ignore-newlines
Do not prefer to break long lines at the position of newlines
in the input.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nip, --no-parameter-indentation
Zero width indentation for parameters.
See INDENTATION.
-nlp, --dont-line-up-parentheses
Do not line up parentheses.
See STATEMENTS.
-npcs, --no-space-after-function-call-names
Do not put space after the function in function calls.
See STATEMENTS.
-nprs, --no-space-after-parentheses
Do not put a space after every ’(’ and before every ’)’.
See STATEMENTS.
-npsl, --dont-break-procedure-type
Put the type of a procedure on the same line as its name.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nsaf, --no-space-after-for
Do not put a space after every for.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsai, --no-space-after-if
Do not put a space after every if.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsaw, --no-space-after-while
Do not put a space after every while.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsc, --dont-star-comments
Do not put the ‘*’ character at the left of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-nsob, --leave-optional-blank-lines
Do not swallow optional blank lines.
See BLANK LINES.
-nss, --dont-space-special-semicolon
Do not force a space before the semicolon after certain
statements. Disables ‘-ss’.
See STATEMENTS.
-ntac, --dont-tab-align-comments
Do not pad comments out to the nearest tabstop.
See COMMENTS.
-nut, --no-tabs
Use spaces instead of tabs.
See INDENTATION.
-nv, --no-verbosity
Disable verbose mode.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-orig, --original
Use the original Berkeley coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-npro, --ignore-profile
Do not read ‘.indent.pro’ files.
See INVOKING INDENT.
-pal, --pointer-align-left
Put asterisks in pointer declarations on the left of spaces,
next to types: ‘‘char* p’’.
-par, --pointer-align-right
Put asterisks in pointer declarations on the right of spaces,
next to variable names: ‘‘char *p’’. This is the default
behavior.
-pcs, --space-after-procedure-calls
Insert a space between the name of the procedure being called
and the ‘(’.
See STATEMENTS.
-pin, --paren-indentationn
Specify the extra indentation per open parentheses ’(’ when a
statement is broken.See STATEMENTS.
-pmt, --preserve-mtime
Preserve access and modification times on output files.See
MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-ppin, --preprocessor-indentationn
Specify the indentation for preprocessor conditional
statements.See INDENTATION.
-prs, --space-after-parentheses
Put a space after every ’(’ and before every ’)’.
See STATEMENTS.
-psl, --procnames-start-lines
Put the type of a procedure on the line before its name.
See DECLARATIONS.
-saf, --space-after-for
Put a space after each for.
See STATEMENTS.
-sai, --space-after-if
Put a space after each if.
See STATEMENTS.
-sar, --spaces-around-initializers
Put a space after the ‘{’ and before the ‘}’ in initializers.
See DECLARATIONS.
-saw, --space-after-while
Put a space after each while.
See STATEMENTS.
-sbin, --struct-brace-indentationn
Indent braces of a struct, union or enum N spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-sc, --start-left-side-of-comments
Put the ‘*’ character at the left of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-slc, --single-line-conditionals
Allow for unbraced conditionals (if, else, etc.) to have
their inner statement on the same line.
See STATEMENTS.
-sob, --swallow-optional-blank-lines
Swallow optional blank lines.
See BLANK LINES.
-ss, --space-special-semicolon
On one-line for and while statements, force a blank before
the semicolon.
See STATEMENTS.
-st, --standard-output
Write to standard output.
See INVOKING INDENT.
-T Tell indent the name of typenames.
See DECLARATIONS.
-tsn, --tab-sizen
Set tab size to n spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-ut, --use-tabs
Use tabs. This is the default.
See INDENTATION.
-v, --verbose
Enable verbose mode.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-version
Output the version number of indent.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
As of version 1.3, the format of the indent command is:
indent [options] [input-files]
indent [options] [single-input-file] [-o output-file]
This format is different from earlier versions and other versions
of indent.
In the first form, one or more input files are specified. indent
makes a backup copy of each file, and the original file is
replaced with its indented version. See BACKUP FILES, for an
explanation of how backups are made.
In the second form, only one input file is specified. In this
case, or when the standard input is used, you may specify an
output file after the ‘-o’ option.
To cause indent to write to standard output, use the ‘-st’
option. This is only allowed when there is only one input file,
or when the standard input is used.
If no input files are named, the standard input is read for
input. Also, if a filename named ‘-’ is specified, then the
standard input is read.
As an example, each of the following commands will input the
program ‘slithy_toves.c’ and write its indented text to
‘slithy_toves.out’:
indent slithy_toves.c -o slithy_toves.out
indent -st slithy_toves.c > slithy_toves.out
cat slithy_toves.c | indent -o slithy_toves.out
Most other options to indent control how programs are formatted.
As of version 1.2, indent also recognizes a long name for each
option name. Long options are prefixed by either ‘--’ or ‘+’. [
‘+’ is being superseded by ‘--’ to maintain consistency with the
POSIX standard.]
In most of this document, the traditional, short names are used
for the sake of brevity. See OPTION SUMMARY, for a list of
options, including both long and short names.
Here is another example:
indent -br test/metabolism.c -l85
This will indent the program ‘test/metabolism.c’ using the ‘-br’
and ‘-l85’ options, write the output back to ‘test/metabolism.c’,
and write the original contents of ‘test/metabolism.c’ to a
backup file in the directory ‘test’.
Equivalent invocations using long option names for this example
would be:
indent --braces-on-if-line --line-length185 test/metabolism.c
indent +braces-on-if-line +line-length185 test/metabolism.c
If you find that you often use indent with the same options, you
may put those options into a file named ‘.indent.pro’. indent
will look for a profile file in three places. First it will check
the environment variable INDENT_PROFILE. If that exists its value
is expected to name the file that is to be used. If the
environment variable does not exist, indent looks for
‘.indent.pro’ in the current directory
and use that if found. Finally indent will search your home
directory for ‘.indent.pro’ and use that file if it is found.
This behaviour is different from that of other versions of
indent, which load both files if they both exist.
The format of ‘.indent.pro’ is simply a list of options, just as
they would appear on the command line, separated by white space
(tabs, spaces, and newlines). Options in ‘.indent.pro’ may be
surrounded by C or C++ comments, in which case they are ignored.
Command line switches are handled after processing ‘.indent.pro’.
Options specified later override arguments specified earlier,
with one exception: Explicitly specified options always override
background options (See COMMON STYLES). You can prevent indent
from reading an ‘.indent.pro’ file by specifying the ‘-npro’
option.
As of version 1.3, GNU indent makes GNU-style backup files, the
same way GNU Emacs does. This means that either simple or
numbered backup filenames may be made.
Simple backup file names are generated by appending a suffix to
the original file name. The default for this suffix is the one-
character string ‘~’ (tilde). Thus, the backup file for
‘python.c’ would be ‘python.c~’.
Instead of the default, you may specify any string as a suffix by
setting the environment variable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX to your
preferred suffix.
Numbered backup versions of a file ‘momeraths.c’ look like
‘momeraths.c.~23~’, where 23 is the version of this particular
backup. When making a numbered backup of the file
‘src/momeraths.c’, the backup file will be named
‘src/momeraths.c.~V~’, where V is one greater than the highest
version currently existing in the directory ‘src’. The
environment variable VERSION_WIDTH controls the number of digits,
using left zero padding when necessary. For instance, setting
this variable to "2" will lead to the backup file being named
‘momeraths.c.~04~’.
The type of backup file made is controlled by the value of the
environment variable VERSION_CONTROL. If it is the string
‘simple’, then only simple backups will be made. If its value is
the string ‘numbered’, then numbered backups will be made. If
its value is ‘numbered-existing’, then numbered backups will be
made if there already exist numbered backups for the file being
indented; otherwise, a simple backup is made. If VERSION_CONTROL
is not set, then indent assumes the behaviour of ‘numbered-
existing’.
Other versions of indent use the suffix ‘.BAK’ in naming backup
files. This behaviour can be emulated by setting
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX to ‘.BAK’.
Note also that other versions of indent make backups in the
current directory, rather than in the directory of the source
file as GNU indent now does.
There are several common styles of C code, including the GNU
style, the Kernighan & Ritchie style, and the original Berkeley
style. A style may be selected with a single background option,
which specifies a set of values for all other options. However,
explicitly specified options always override options implied by a
background option.
As of version 1.2, the default style of GNU indent is the GNU
style. Thus, it is no longer necessary to specify the option
‘-gnu’ to obtain this format, although doing so will not cause an
error. Option settings which correspond to the GNU style are:
-nbad -bap -nbc -bbo -bl -bli2 -bls -ncdb -nce -cp1 -cs -di2
-ndj -nfc1 -nfca -hnl -i2 -ip5 -lp -pcs -nprs -psl -saf -sai
-saw -nsc -nsob
The GNU coding style is that preferred by the GNU project. It is
the style that the GNU Emacs C mode encourages and which is used
in the C portions of GNU Emacs. (People interested in writing
programs for Project GNU should get a copy of "The GNU Coding
Standards", which also covers semantic and portability issues
such as memory usage, the size of integers, etc.)
The Kernighan & Ritchie style is used throughout their well-known
book "The C Programming Language". It is enabled with the ‘-kr’
option. The Kernighan & Ritchie style corresponds to the
following set of options:
-nbad -bap -bbo -nbc -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -ncdb -ce -ci4 -cli0
-cp33 -cs -d0 -di1 -nfc1 -nfca -hnl -i4 -ip0 -l75 -lp -npcs
-nprs -npsl -saf -sai -saw -nsc -nsob -nss -par
Kernighan & Ritchie style does not put comments to the right of
code in the same column at all times (nor does it use only one
space to the right of the code), so for this style indent has
arbitrarily chosen column 33.
The style of the original Berkeley indent may be obtained by
specifying ‘-orig’ (or by specifying ‘--original’, using the long
option name). This style is equivalent to the following
settings:
-nbad -nbap -bbo -bc -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -cdb -ce -ci4 -cli0
-cp33 -di16 -fc1 -fca -hnl -i4 -ip4 -l75 -lp -npcs -nprs -psl
-saf -sai -saw -sc -nsob -nss -ts8
The Linux style is used in the linux kernel code and drivers.
Code generally has to follow the Linux coding style to be
accepted. This style is equivalent to the following settings:
-nbad -bap -nbc -bbo -hnl -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -ncdb -ce -ci4
-cli0 -d0 -di1 -nfc1 -i8 -ip0 -l80 -lp -npcs -nprs -npsl -sai
-saf -saw -ncs -nsc -sob -nfca -cp33 -ss -ts8 -il1
Various programming styles use blank lines in different places.
indent has a number of options to insert or delete blank lines in
specific places.
The ‘-bad’ option causes indent to force a blank line after every
block of declarations. The ‘-nbad’ option causes indent not to
force such blank lines.
The ‘-bap’ option forces a blank line after every procedure body.
The ‘-nbap’ option forces no such blank line.
The ‘-bbb’ option forces a blank line before every boxed comment
(See COMMENTS.) The ‘-nbbb’ option does not force such blank
lines.
The ‘-sob’ option causes indent to swallow optional blank lines
(that is, any optional blank lines present in the input will be
removed from the output). If the ‘-nsob’ is specified, any blank
lines present in the input file will be copied to the output
file.
The ‘-bad’ option forces a blank line after every block of
declarations. The ‘-nbad’ option does not add any such blank
lines.
For example, given the input
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
indent -bad produces
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
and indent -nbad produces
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
The ‘-bap’ option forces a blank line after every procedure body.
For example, given the input
int
foo ()
{
puts("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts("Hello");
}
indent -bap produces
int
foo ()
{
puts ("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts ("Hello");
}
and indent -nbap produces
int
foo ()
{
puts ("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts ("Hello");
}
No blank line will be added after the procedure foo.
indent formats both C and C++ comments. C comments are begun with
‘/*’, terminated with ‘*/’ and may contain newline characters.
C++ comments begin with the delimiter ‘//’ and end at the
newline.
indent handles comments differently depending upon their context.
indent attempts to distinguish between comments which follow
statements, comments which follow declarations, comments
following preprocessor directives, and comments which are not
preceded by code of any sort, i.e., they begin the text of the
line (although not necessarily in column 1).
indent further distinguishes between comments found outside of
procedures and aggregates, and those found within them. In
particular, comments beginning a line found within a procedure
will be indented to the column at which code is currently
indented. The exception to this is a comment beginning in the
leftmost column; such a comment is output at that column.
indent attempts to leave boxed comments unmodified. The general
idea of such a comment is that it is enclosed in a rectangle or
‘‘box’’ of stars or dashes to visually set it apart. More
precisely, boxed comments are defined as those in which the
initial ‘/*’ is followed immediately by the character ‘*’, ‘=’,
‘_’, or ‘-’, or those in which the beginning comment delimiter
(‘/*’) is on a line by itself, and the following line begins with
a ‘*’ in the same column as the star of the opening delimiter.
Examples of boxed comments are:
/**********************
* Comment in a box!! *
**********************/
/*
* A different kind of scent,
* for a different kind of comment.
*/
indent attempts to leave boxed comments exactly as they are found
in the source file. Thus the indentation of the comment is
unchanged, and its length is not checked in any way. The only
alteration made is that an embedded tab character may be
converted into the appropriate number of spaces.
If the ‘-bbb’ option is specified, all such boxed comments will
be preceded by a blank line, unless such a comment is preceded by
code.
Comments which are not boxed comments may be formatted, which
means that the line is broken to fit within a right margin and
left-filled with whitespace. Single newlines are equivalent to a
space, but blank lines (two or more newlines in a row) are taken
to mean a paragraph break. Formatting of comments which begin
after the first column is enabled with the ‘-fca’ option. To
format those beginning in column one, specify ‘-fc1’. Such
formatting is disabled by default.
The right margin for formatting defaults to 78, but may be
changed with the ‘-lc’ option. If the margin specified does not
allow the comment to be printed, the margin will be automatically
extended for the duration of that comment. The margin is not
respected if the comment is not being formatted.
If the ‘-fnc’ option is specified, all comments with ‘/*’
embedded will have that character sequence replaced by a space
followed by the character ‘*’ thus eliminating nesting.
If the comment begins a line (i.e., there is no program text to
its left), it will be indented to the column it was found in
unless the comment is within a block of code. In that case, such
a comment will be aligned with the indented code of that block
(unless the comment began in the first column). This alignment
may be affected by the ‘-d’ option, which specifies an amount by
which such comments are moved to the left, or unindented. For
example, ‘-d2’ places comments two spaces to the left of code.
By default, comments are aligned with code, unless they begin in
the first column, in which case they are left there by default
--- to get them aligned with the code, specify ‘-fc1’.
Comments to the right of code will appear by default in column
33. This may be changed with one of three options. ‘-c’ will
specify the column for comments following code, ‘-cd’ specifies
the column for comments following declarations, and ‘-cp’
specifies the column for comments following preprocessor
directives #else and #endif. ‘-dj’ together with ‘-cd0’ can be
used to suppress alignment of comments to the right of
declarations, causing the comment to follow one tabstop from the
end of the declaration. Normally ‘-cd0’ causes ‘-c’ to become
effective.
If the code to the left of the comment exceeds the beginning
column, the comment column will be extended to the next tabstop
column past the end of the code, unless the ‘-ntac’ option is
specified. In the case of preprocessor directives,comments are
extended to to one space past the end of the directive. This
extension lasts only for the output of that particular comment.
The ‘-cdb’ option places the comment delimiters on blank lines.
Thus, a single line comment like /* Loving hug */ can be
transformed into:
/*
Loving hug
*/
Stars can be placed at the beginning of multi-line comments with
the ‘-sc’ option. Thus, the single-line comment above can be
transformed (with ‘-cdb -sc’) into:
/*
* Loving hug
*/
The ‘-br’ or ‘-bl’ option specifies how to format braces.
The ‘-br’ option formats statement braces like this:
if (x > 0) {
x--;
}
The ‘-bl’ option formats them like this:
if (x > 0)
{
x--;
}
If you use the ‘-bl’ option, you may also want to specify the
‘-bli’ option. This option specifies the number of spaces by
which braces are indented. ‘-bli2’, the default, gives the
result shown above. ‘-bli0’ results in the following:
if (x > 0)
{
x--;
}
If you are using the ‘-br’ option, you probably want to also use
the ‘-ce’ option. This causes the else in an if-then-else
construct to cuddle up to the immediately preceding ‘}’. For
example, with ‘-br -ce’ you get the following:
if (x > 0) {
x--;
} else {
fprintf (stderr, "...something wrong?\n");
}
With ‘-br -nce’ that code would appear as
if (x > 0) {
x--;
}
else {
fprintf (stderr, "...something wrong?\n");
}
An exception to the behavior occurs when there is a comment
between the right brace and the subsequent else statement. While
the ‘-br’ option will cause a left brace to jump over the
comment, the else does not jump over the comment to cuddle
because it has a strong likelihood of changing the meaning of the
comment.
The ‘-cdw’ option causes the while in a do-while loop to cuddle
up to the immediately preceding ‘}’. For example, with ‘-cdw’
you get the following:
do {
x--;
} while (x);
With ‘-ncdw’ that code would appear as
do {
x--;
}
while (x);
The ‘-slc’ option allows for an unbraced conditional and its
inner statement to appear on the same line. For example:
if (x) x--;
else x++;
Without ‘-slc’ that code would appear as
if (x)
x--;
else
x++;
The ‘-cli’ option specifies the number of spaces that case labels
should be indented to the right of the containing switch
statement.
The default gives code like:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
Using the ‘-cli2’ that would become:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
The indentation of the braces below a case statement can be
controlled with the ‘-cbin’ option. For example, using ‘-cli2
-cbi0’ results in:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
If a semicolon is on the same line as a for or while statement,
the ‘-ss’ option will cause a space to be placed before the
semicolon. This emphasizes the semicolon, making it clear that
the body of the for or while statement is an empty statement.
‘-nss’ disables this feature.
The ‘-pcs’ option causes a space to be placed between the name of
the procedure being called and the ‘(’ (for example,
puts ("Hi");. The ‘-npcs’ option would give puts("Hi");).
If the ‘-cs’ option is specified, indent puts a space between a
cast operator and the object to be cast. The ‘-ncs’ ensures that
there is no space between the cast operator and the object.
Remember that indent only knows about the standard C data types
and so cannot recognise user-defined types in casts. Thus
(mytype)thing is not treated as a cast.
The ‘-bs’ option ensures that there is a space between the
keyword sizeof and its argument. In some versions, this is known
as the ‘Bill_Shannon’ option.
The ‘-saf’ option forces a space between a for and the following
parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-sai’ option forces a space between a if and the following
parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-saw’ option forces a space between a while and the
following parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-prs’ option causes all parentheses to be separated with a
space from whatever is between them. For example, using ‘-prs’
results in code like:
while ( ( e_code - s_code ) < ( dec_ind - 1 ) )
{
set_buf_break ( bb_dec_ind );
*e_code++ = ’ ’;
}
By default indent will line up identifiers, in the column
specified by the ‘-di’ option. For example, ‘-di16’ makes things
look like:
int foo;
char *bar;
Using a small value (such as one or two) for the ‘-di’ option can
be used to cause the identifiers to be placed in the first
available position; for example:
int foo;
char *bar;
The value given to the ‘-di’ option will still affect variables
which are put on separate lines from their types, for example
‘-di2’ will lead to:
int
foo;
If the ‘-bc’ option is specified, a newline is forced after each
comma in a declaration. For example,
int a,
b,
c;
With the ‘-nbc’ option this would look like
int a, b, c;
The ‘-bfda’ option causes a newline to be forced after the comma
separating the arguments of a function declaration. The
arguments will appear at one indention level deeper than the
function declaration. This is particularly helpful for functions
with long argument lists. The option ‘-bfde’ causes a newline to
be forced before the closing bracket of the function declaration.
For both options the ’n’ setting is the default: -nbfda and
-nbfde.
For example,
void foo (int arg1, char arg2, int *arg3, long arg4, char arg5);
With the ‘-bfda’ option this would look like
void foo (
int arg1,
char arg2,
int *arg3,
long arg4,
char arg5);
With, in addition, the ‘-bfde’ option this would look like
void foo (
int arg1,
char arg2,
int *arg3,
long arg4,
char arg5
);
The ‘-psl’ option causes the type of a procedure being defined to
be placed on the line before the name of the procedure. This
style is required for the etags program to work correctly, as
well as some of the c-mode functions of Emacs.
You must use the ‘-T’ option to tell indent the name of all the
typenames in your program that are defined by typedef. ‘-T’ can
be specified more than once, and all names specified are used.
For example, if your program contains
typedef unsigned long CODE_ADDR;
typedef enum {red, blue, green} COLOR;
you would use the options ‘-T CODE_ADDR -T COLOR’.
The ‘-brs’ or ‘-bls’ option specifies how to format braces in
struct declarations. The ‘-brs’ option formats braces like this:
struct foo {
int x;
};
The ‘-bls’ option formats them like this:
struct foo
{
int x;
};
Similarly to the structure brace ‘-brs’ and ‘-bls’ options,
the function brace options ‘-brf’ or ‘-blf’ specify how to
format the braces in function definitions. The ‘-brf’ option
formats braces like this:
int one(void) {
return 1;
};
The ‘-blf’ option formats them like this:
int one(void)
{
return 1;
};
The ‘-sar’ option affects how indent will render initializer
lists. Without ‘-sar’ they are formatted like this:
int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
struct s {
const char *name;
int x;
} a[] = {
{"name", 0},
{"a", 1}
};
With ‘-sar’ they are formatted like this, with spaces inside the
braces:
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
struct s {
const char *name;
int x;
} a[] = {
{ "name", 0 },
{ "a", 1 }
};
The most basic, and most controversial issues with regard to code
formatting is precisely how indentation should be acoomplished.
Fortunately, indent supports several different styles of
identation. The default is to use tabs for indentation, which is
specified by the ‘-ut’ option. Assuming the default tab size of
8, the code would look like this:
int a(int b)
{
return b;
|------|
1 tab
}
For those that prefer spaces to tabs, ‘indent’ provides the
‘-nut’ option. The same code would look like this:
int a(int b)
{
return b;
|------|
8 spaces
}
Another issue in the formatting of code is how far each line
should be indented from the left margin. When the beginning of a
statement such as if or for is encountered, the indentation level
is increased by the value specified by the ‘-i’ option. For
example, use ‘-i8’ to specify an eight character indentation for
each level. When a statement is broken across two lines, the
second line is indented by a number of additional spaces
specified by the ‘-ci’ option. ‘-ci’ defaults to 0. However, if
the ‘-lp’ option is specified, and a line has a left parenthesis
which is not closed on that line, then continuation lines will be
lined up to start at the character position just after the left
parenthesis. This processing also applies to ‘[’ and applies to
‘{’ when it occurs in initialization lists. For example, a piece
of continued code might look like this with ‘-nlp -ci3’ in
effect:
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
With ‘-lp’ in effect the code looks somewhat clearer:
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
When a statement is broken in between two or more paren pairs
(...), each extra pair causes the indentation level extra
indentation:
if ((((i < 2 &&
k > 0) || p == 0) &&
q == 1) ||
n = 0)
The option ‘-ipN’ can be used to set the extra offset per paren.
For instance, ‘-ip0’ would format the above as:
if ((((i < 2 &&
k > 0) || p == 0) &&
q == 1) ||
n = 0)
indent assumes that tabs are placed at regular intervals of both
input and output character streams. These intervals are by
default 8 columns wide, but (as of version 1.2) may be changed by
the ‘-ts’ option. Tabs are treated as the equivalent number of
spaces.
By default, indent will use tabs to indent as far as possible,
and then pad with spaces until the desired position is reached.
However, with the ‘-as’ option, spaces will be used for alignment
beyond the current indentation level. By default, assuming ‘-lp’
is enabled, the code would be indented like so (‘t’ represents
tabs, ‘s’ represents spaces):
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
|------||-------||------||-------|__
t t t t ss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|------||------||------|_____
t t t sssss
}
This is fine, if you assume that whoever is reading the code will
honor your assumption of 8-space tabs. If the reader was using
4-space tabs, it would look like this:
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
|---||---||---||---|__
t t t t ss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|---||---||---|______
t t t ssssss
}
The ‘-as’ option fixes this so that the code will appear
consistent regardless of what tab size the user users to read the
code. This looks like:
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
____________________________________
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|------|______________________
t ssssssssssssssssssssss
}
The indentation of type declarations in old-style function
definitions is controlled by the ‘-ip’ parameter. This is a
numeric parameter specifying how many spaces to indent type
declarations. For example, the default ‘-ip5’ makes definitions
look like this:
char *
create_world (x, y, scale)
int x;
int y;
float scale;
{
. . .
}
For compatibility with other versions of indent, the option
‘-nip’ is provided, which is equivalent to ‘-ip0’.
ANSI C allows white space to be placed on preprocessor command
lines between the character ‘#’ and the command name. By
default, indent removes this space, but specifying the ‘-lps’
option directs indent to leave this space unmodified. The option
‘-ppi’ overrides ‘-nlps’ and ‘-lps’.
This option can be used to request that preprocessor conditional
statements can be indented by to given number of spaces, for
example with the option ‘-ppi 3’
#if X
#if Y
#define Z 1
#else
#define Z 0
#endif
#endif
becomes
#if X
# if Y
# define Z 1
# else
# define Z 0
# endif
#endif
This option sets the offset at which a label (except case labels)
will be positioned. If it is set to zero or a positive number,
this indicates how far from the left margin to indent a label.
If it is set to a negative number, this indicates how far back
from the current indent level to place the label. The default
setting is -2 which matches the behaviour of earlier versions of
indent. Note that this parameter does not affect the placing of
case labels; see the ‘-cli’ parameter for that. For example with
the option ‘-il 1’
group
function()
{
if (do_stuff1() == ERROR)
goto cleanup1;
if (do_stuff2() == ERROR)
goto cleanup2;
return SUCCESS;
cleanup2:
do_cleanup2();
cleanup1:
do_cleanup1();
return ERROR;
}
becomes
group
function()
{
if (do_stuff1() == ERROR)
goto cleanup1;
if (do_stuff2() == ERROR)
goto cleanup2;
return SUCCESS;
cleanup2:
do_cleanup2();
cleanup1:
do_cleanup1();
return ERROR;
}
With the option ‘-ln’, or ‘--line-lengthn’, it is possible to
specify the maximum length of a line of C code, not including
possible comments that follow it.
When lines become longer than the specified line length, GNU
indent tries to break the line at a logical place. This is new
as of version 2.1 however and not very intelligent or flexible
yet.
Currently there are three options that allow one to interfere
with the algorithm that determines where to break a line.
The ‘-bbo’ option causes GNU indent to prefer to break long lines
before the boolean operators && and ||. The ‘-nbbo’ option
causes GNU indent not have that preference. For example, the
default option ‘-bbo’ (together with ‘--line-length60’ and
‘--ignore-newlines’) makes code look like this:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’
&& ((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
Using the option ‘-nbbo’ will make it look like this:
if (mask &&
((mask[0] == ’\0’) ||
(mask[1] == ’\0’ &&
((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
The default ‘-hnl’, however, honours newlines in the input file
by giving them the highest possible priority to break lines at.
For example, when the input file looks like this:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’ && ((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
then using the option ‘-hnl’, or ‘--honour-newlines’, together
with the previously mentioned ‘-nbbo’ and ‘--line-length60’, will
cause the output not to be what is given in the last example but
instead will prefer to break at the positions where the code was
broken in the input file:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’ &&
((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
The idea behind this option is that lines which are too long, but
are already broken up, will not be touched by GNU indent. Really
messy code should be run through indent at least once using the
‘--ignore-newlines’ option though.
The ‘-gts’ option affects how the gettext standard macros _() and
N_() are treated. The default behavior (or the use of ‘-ngts’)
causes indent to treat them as it does other functions, so that a
long string is broken like the following example.
if (mask)
{
warning (_
("This is a long string that stays together."));
}
With the ‘-gts’ option, the underscore is treated as a part of
the string, keeping it tied to the string, and respecting the
fact that gettext is unobtrusively providing a localized string.
This only works if _(" is together as a unit at the beginning of
the string and ") is together as a unit at the end.
if (mask)
{
warning
(_("This is a long string that stays together."));
}
Formatting of C code may be disabled for portions of a program by
embedding special control comments in the program. To turn off
formatting for a section of a program, place the disabling
control comment /* *INDENT-OFF* */ on a line by itself just
before that section. Program text scanned after this control
comment is output precisely as input with no modifications until
the corresponding enabling comment is scanned on a line by
itself. The enabling control comment is /* *INDENT-ON* */, and
any text following the comment on the line is also output
unformatted. Formatting begins again with the input line
following the enabling control comment.
More precisely, indent does not attempt to verify the closing
delimiter (*/) for these C comments, and any whitespace on the
line is totally transparent.
These control comments also function in their C++ formats, namely
// *INDENT-OFF* and // *INDENT-ON*.
It should be noted that the internal state of indent remains
unchanged over the course of the unformatted section. Thus, for
example, turning off formatting in the middle of a function and
continuing it after the end of the function may lead to bizarre
results. It is therefore wise to be somewhat modular in
selecting code to be left unformatted.
As a historical note, some earlier versions of indent produced
error messages beginning with *INDENT**. These versions of
indent were written to ignore any input text lines which began
with such error messages. I have removed this incestuous feature
from GNU indent.
To find out what version of indent you have, use the command
indent -version. This will report the version number of indent,
without doing any of the normal processing.
The ‘-v’ option can be used to turn on verbose mode. When in
verbose mode, indent reports when it splits one line of input
into two more more lines of output, and gives some size
statistics at completion.
The ‘-pmt’ option causes indent to preserve the access and
modification times on the output files. Using this option has
the advantage that running indent on all source and header files
in a project won’t cause make to rebuild all targets. This
option is only available on Operating Systems that have the POSIX
utime(2) function.
Please report any bugs to bug-indent@gnu.org.
When indent is run twice on a file, with the same profile, it
should never change that file the second time. With the current
design of indent, this can not be guaranteed, and it has not been
extensively tested.
indent does not understand C. In some cases this leads to the
inability to join lines. The result is that running a file
through indent is irreversible, even if the used input file was
the result of running indent with a given profile
(‘.indent.pro’).
While an attempt was made to get indent working for C++, it will
not do a good job on any C++ source except the very simplest.
indent does not look at the given ‘--line-length’ option when
writing comments to the output file. This results often in
comments being put far to the right. In order to prohibit indent
from joining a broken line that has a comment at the end, make
sure that the comments start on the first line of the break.
indent does not count lines and comments (see the ‘-v’ option)
when indent is turned off with /* *INDENT-OFF* */.
Comments of the form /*UPPERCASE*/ are not treated as comment but
as an identifier, causing them to be joined with the next line.
This renders comments of this type useless, unless they are
embedded in the code to begin with.
The following copyright notice applies to the indent program.
The copyright and copying permissions for this manual appear near
the beginning of ‘indent.texinfo’ and ‘indent.info’, and near the
end of ‘indent.1’.
Copyright (c) 2015 Tim Hentenaar.
Copyright (c) 2001 David Ingamells.
Copyright (c) 1999 Carlo Wood.
Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 Joseph Arceneaux.
Copyright (c) 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2014 Free Software Foundation
Copyright (c) 1985 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Copyright (c) 1980 The Regents of the University of California.
Copyright (c) 1976 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
advertising materials, and other materials related to such
distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
by the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Illinois,
Urbana, and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The name of either University
or Sun Microsystems may not be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘‘AS IS’’ AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
Here is a list of options alphabetized by long option, to help
you find the corresponding short option.
--align-with-spaces -as
--blank-lines-after-commas -bc
--blank-lines-after-declarations -bad
--blank-lines-after-procedures -bap
--blank-lines-before-block-comments -bbb
--braces-after-if-line -bl
--braces-after-func-def-line -blf
--brace-indent -bli
--braces-after-struct-decl-line -bls
--braces-on-if-line -br
--braces-on-func-def-line -brf
--braces-on-struct-decl-line -brs
--break-after-boolean-operator -nbbo
--break-before-boolean-operator -bbo
--break-function-decl-args -bfda
--break-function-decl-args-end -bfde
--case-indentation -clin
--case-brace-indentation -cbin
--comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines -cdb
--comment-indentation -cn
--continuation-indentation -cin
--continue-at-parentheses -lp
--cuddle-do-while -cdw
--cuddle-else -ce
--declaration-comment-column -cdn
--declaration-indentation -din
--dont-break-function-decl-args -nbfda
--dont-break-function-decl-args-end -nbfde
--dont-break-procedure-type -npsl
--dont-cuddle-do-while -ncdw
--dont-cuddle-else -nce
--dont-format-comments -nfca
--dont-format-first-column-comments -nfc1
--dont-line-up-parentheses -nlp
--dont-left-justify-declarations -ndj
--dont-space-special-semicolon -nss
--dont-star-comments -nsc
--dont-tab-align-comments -ntac
--else-endif-column -cpn
--format-all-comments -fca
--format-first-column-comments -fc1
--gnu-style -gnu
--honour-newlines -hnl
--ignore-newlines -nhnl
--ignore-profile -npro
--indent-label -iln
--indent-level -in
--k-and-r-style -kr
--leave-optional-blank-lines -nsob
--leave-preprocessor-space -lps
--left-justify-declarations -dj
--line-comments-indentation -dn
--line-length -ln
--linux-style -linux
--no-blank-lines-after-commas -nbc
--no-blank-lines-after-declarations -nbad
--no-blank-lines-after-procedures -nbap
--no-blank-lines-before-block-comments -nbbb
--no-comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines -ncdb
--no-space-after-casts -ncs
--no-parameter-indentation -nip
--no-space-after-for -nsaf
--no-space-after-function-call-names -npcs
--no-space-after-if -nsai
--no-space-after-parentheses -nprs
--no-space-after-while -nsaw
--no-tabs -nut
--no-verbosity -nv
--original -orig
--parameter-indentation -ipn
--paren-indentation -pin
--preserve-mtime -pmt
--preprocessor-indentation -ppin
--procnames-start-lines -psl
--remove-preprocessor-space -nlps
--single-line-conditionals -slc
--space-after-cast -cs
--space-after-for -saf
--space-after-if -sai
--space-after-parentheses -prs
--space-after-procedure-calls -pcs
--space-after-while -saw
--space-special-semicolon -ss
--spaces-around-initializers -sar
--standard-output -st
--start-left-side-of-comments -sc
--struct-brace-indentation -sbin
--swallow-optional-blank-lines -sob
--tab-size -tsn
--use-tabs -ut
--verbose -v
• 0 means no errors or warnings were found during a successful
invocation of the program.
• 2 is returned if errors occur during formatting which do not
prevent completion of the formatting, but which appear to be
manifested by incorrect code (i.e. code which wouldn't
compile).
• 3 is returned if formatting of a file is halted because of an
error with the file which prevents completion of formatting. If
more than one input file was specified, indent continues to the
next file.
• 4 is returned if a serious internal problem occurs and the
entire indent process is terminated, even if all specified
files have not been processed.
• 64 is returned if an invocation problem (like an incorrect
option) prevents any formatting to occur.
$HOME/.indent.pro holds default options for indent.
Tim Hentenaar
Carlo Wood
Joseph Arceneaux
Jim Kingdon
David Ingamells
Derived from the UCB program "indent".
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2014, 2015 Free
Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995, 1996 Joseph
Arceneaux. Copyright (C) 1999 Carlo Wood. Copyright (C) 2001
David Ingamells. Copyright (C) 2013 Łukasz Stelmach. Copyright
(C) 2015 Tim Hentenaar.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission
notice are preserved on all copies.
This page is part of the GNU indent (a C program formatter)
project. Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/indent/⟩. If you have a bug report
for this manual page, send it to bug-indent@gnu.org. This page
was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/indent.git⟩ on 2024-06-14. (At
that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in
the repository was 2024-03-08.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
man-pages@man7.org
INDENT(1)
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