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PCP-ATOP(1) General Commands Manual PCP-ATOP(1)
pcp-atop - Advanced System and Process Monitor
Interactive Usage:
pcp [pcp options] atop [-aABcCdDfFgGHmMnNopRsuvxyY1] [-L linelen]
[-Plabel[,label]... [-Z]] [interval [samples]]
Writing and reading PCP archive folios:
pcp atop -w folio [-a] [-S] [interval [samples]]
pcp atop -r folio [-AcCdDfFgGmMnNopRsuvxy1] [-b [yy-mm-dd] hh:mm]
[-e yy-mm-dd] hh:mm] [-L linelen] [-Plabel[,label]... [-Z]]
[interval [samples]]
The program pcp-atop is an interactive monitor to view various
aspects of load on a system. Every interval seconds (default: 10
seconds) information is gathered about the resource occupation on
system level of the most critical hardware resources (from a
performance point of view), i.e. CPUs, memory, disks and network
interfaces. Besides, information is gathered about the processes
(or threads) that are responsible for the utilization of the
CPUs, memory and disks. Network load per process is shown only
when the PCP pmdabcc(1) metrics have been installed and
configured.
When running pcp-atop you can choose to view the system load in
bar graph mode or in text mode. In bar graph mode the resource
utilization of CPUs, memory, disks and network interfaces is
shown via (character-based) bar graphs, but only on system level.
When you want to view more detailed information on system level
or when you want to view the resource consumption on process or
thread level, you can switch to text mode by pressing the 'B'
key. Alternatively, you can use the 'B' key (again) to switch
from text mode to bar graph mode.
By default, pcp-atop starts in text mode unless the -B flag is
used or unless 'B' has been configured as a default flag in the
.atoprc file (for further information about default flags, refer
to the pcp-atoprc(5) man page).
In bar graph mode the terminal will be subdivided into four
character-based windows, i.e. one window for each hardware
resource:
Processors
The first bar shows the average busy percentage of all CPUs
with the bar label 'Avg' (might be abbreviated to 'Av' or
even just 'A'). The subsequent bars show the busy
percentages of single CPUs.
When there is not enough horizontal space to show all CPUs,
only the most busy CPUs per sample will be shown after the
width of each bar has been reduced to a minimum.
By default, the categories of CPU consumption are shown by
different colors in the bars, marked with a character 'S'
(system mode), 'U' (user mode), 'I' (interrupt handling),
's' (steal) and 'G' (guest, i.e. consumed by virtual
machines).
The top of the bar might consist of an unmarked color
representing a 'neutral' category. Suppose that the scale
unit is 5% per line and the total busy percentage is 54%
consisting of two categories of 27%. The two categories
will be rounded to 25% (5 lines of 5% each) but the total
busy percentage will be rounded to 55% (11 lines of 5%).
Then the top line will represent a 'neutral' category.
By pressing the 'H' key or by starting pcp-atop with the -H
flag, no categories are shown.
A red line is drawn in the bar graph as critical threshold.
By default this value is 90% and can be modified by the
'cpucritperc' option in the configuration file (see separate
pcp-atoprc(5) man page). When this value is set to zero, no
threshold line will be drawn.
Memory and swap space
Memory is presented as a column in which the specific
categories of memory consumption are shown. These categories
are (code, data and stack of) processes/kernel, slab caches
(i.e. dynamically allocated kernel memory), shared memory,
tmpfs, page cache and free memory.
Swap space (if present) is also presented as a column in
which the categories processes/tmpfs, shared memory and free
space are shown.
At the right side memory-related event counters are shown.
The bottom three counters are colored green when there is no
memory pressure. When considerable activity is noticed such
counter might be colored orange and with high activity red.
When memory pressure starts, usually memory page scanning
will be activated first. When pressure increases, memory
pages of processes might be swapped out to swap space (if
present).
The 'oomkills' counter (Out Of Memory killing) is most
serious: it reflects the number of processes that are killed
due to lack of memory (and swap). Therefore this counter
shows the absolute number (not per second) of processes
being killed during the last interval and will immediately
be colored red when it is 1 or more. Besides, after pcp-
atop has noticed OOM killing the 'oomkills' counter remains
orange for the next 15 minutes, just in case that you have
missed the OOM killing event itself.
When there is enough vertical space in the memory window,
event counters are shown about the number of memory pages
being swapped in, the number of memory pages paged out to
block devices and the number of memory pages paged in from
block devices.
Memory and swap space consumption will preferably be shown
in a character-based window that vertically uses the entire
screen for optimal granularity. However, when there are a
lot of disks and/or network interfaces the memory and swap
space consumption will be shown in a character-based window
that only uses the upper half of the screen.
Disks
For each disk the busy percentage is shown as a bar.
When there is not enough horizontal space to show all disks,
only the most busy disks per sample will be shown.
By default, categories of disk consumption are shown by
different colors in the bars, marked with a character 'R'
(read) and 'W' (write).
The top of the bar might consist of an unmarked color
representing a 'neutral' category. Suppose that the scale
unit is 5% per line and the total busy percentage is 54%
consisting of two categories of 27%. The two categories
will be rounded to 25% (5 lines of 5% each) but the total
busy percentage will be rounded to 55% (11 lines of 5%).
Then the top line will represent a 'neutral' category.
By pressing the 'H' key or by starting pcp-atop with the -H
flag, no categories are shown.
A red line is drawn in the bar graph as critical threshold.
By default this value is 90% and can be modified by the
'dskcritperc' option in the configuration file (see separate
atoprc man page). When this value is set to zero, no
threshold line will be drawn.
Interfaces
For each non-virtual network interface a double bar graph is
shown with a dedicated scale that reflects the traffic rate.
One of the bars shows the transmit rate ('TX') and the other
bar the receive rate ('RX'). The traffic scale of each
network interface remains at its highest level. All
interface scales can be reset during the measurement by
pressing the 'L' key.
Most often the real speed (maximum bandwidth) of network
interfaces is not known, e.g. in case of the network
interfaces of virtual machines. Therefore it is not
possible to show the interface utilization as a percentage.
However, when the real speed of an interface is known it
will be shown underneath the concerning bar graph.
When there is not enough horizontal space to show all
network interfaces, only the most busy interfaces per sample
will be shown.
Usually the bar graphs will not be sorted on busy percentage when
there is enough horizontal space. However, after switching from
text mode to bar graph mode the bar graphs might have been sorted
because this was needed for the presentation in text mode. The
next interval in bar graph mode shows the bars unsorted again
unless the window width is unsufficient for all bars.
The remaining part of this manual page mainly describes the
information shown in text mode. When certain descriptions also
apply to bar graph mode it will be mentioned explicitly.
The initial screen in text mode shows if pcp-atop runs with
restricted view (unprivileged user) or unrestricted view
(privileged user). In case of restricted view pcp-atop does not
have the privileges (root identity or necessary capabilities) to
retrieve all counter values on system level and on process level.
does not have the privileges (no root identity nor the necessary
capabilities) to retrieve all counter values on system level and
on process level.
With every interval information is shown about the resource
occupation on system level (CPU, memory, disks and network
layers), followed by a list of processes which have been active
during the last interval. Notice that all processes that were
unchanged during the last interval re not shown, unless the key
'a' has been pressed or unless sorting on memory occupation is
done (then inactive processes are relevant as well). If the list
of active processes does not entirely fit on the screen, only the
top of the list is shown (sorted in order of activity).
The intervals are repeated till the number of samples (specified
as command argument) is reached, or till the key 'q' is pressed
in interactive mode.
When invoked via the pcp(1) command, the PCPIntro(1) options
-A/--align, -a/--archive, -h/--host, -O/--origin, -S/--start,
-s/--samples, -T/--finish, -t/--interval, -v/--version,
-z/--hostzone and -z/--timezone become indirectly available.
Additionally, the --hotproc option can be used to request the
per-process PCP metrics be used instead of the default proc
metrics from pmdaproc(1).
When pcp-atop is started, it checks whether the standard output
channel is connected to a screen, or to a file/pipe. In the
first case it produces screen control codes (via the ncurses
library) and behaves interactively; in the second case it
produces flat text output.
In interactive mode, the output of pcp-atop scales dynamically to
the current dimensions of the screen/window.
If the window is resized horizontally, columns will be added or
removed automatically. For this purpose, every column has a
particular weight. The columns with the highest weights that fit
within the current width will be shown.
If the window is resized vertically, lines of the process/thread
list will be added or removed automatically.
In interactive mode the output of pcp-atop can be controlled by
pressing particular keys. However it is also possible to specify
such key as flag on the command line. In that case pcp-atop
switches to the indicated mode on beforehand. This mode can be
modified again interactively. Specifying such key as flag is
especially useful when running pcp-atop with output to a pipe or
file (non-interactively). These flags are the same as the keys
that can be pressed in interactive mode (see section INTERACTIVE
COMMANDS).
Additional flags are available to support storage of pcp-atop
data in PCP archive format (see section PCP DATA STORAGE).
For the resource consumption on system level, pcp-atop uses
colors in text mode to indicate that a critical occupation
percentage has been (almost) reached. A critical occupation
percentage means that is likely that this load causes a
noticeable negative performance influence for applications using
this resource. The critical percentage depends on the type of
resource: e.g. the performance influence of a disk with a busy
percentage of 80% might be more noticeable for applications/users
than a CPU with a busy percentage of 90%.
Currently pcp-atop uses the following default values to calculate
a weighted percentage per resource:
Processor
A busy percentage of 90% or higher is considered 'critical'
(also in bar graph mode).
Disk
A busy percentage of 90% or higher is considered 'critical'.
Network
A busy percentage of 90% or higher for the load of an
interface is considered 'critical'.
Memory
An occupation percentage of 90% is considered 'critical'.
Notice that this occupation percentage is the accumulated
memory consumption of the kernel (including slab) and all
processes. The memory for the page cache ('cache' and 'buff'
in the MEM-line) and the reclaimable part of the slab
('slrec') is not implied!
If the number of pages swapped out ('swout' in the PAG-line)
is larger than 10 per second, the memory resource is
considered 'critical'. A value of at least 1 per second is
considered 'almost critical'.
If the committed virtual memory exceeds the limit ('vmcom'
and 'vmlim' in the SWP-line), the SWP-line is colored due to
overcommitting the system.
Swap
An occupation percentage of 80% is considered 'critical'
because swap space might be completely exhausted in the near
future. It is not critical from a performance point-of-
view.
These default values can be modified in the configuration file
(see separate pcp-atoprc(5) man page).
When a resource exceeds its critical occupation percentage, the
concerning values in the screen line are colored red by default.
When a resource exceeds (by default) 80% of its critical
percentage (so it is almost critical), the concerning values in
the screen line are colored cyan by default. This 'almost
critical percentage' (one value for all resources) can be
modified in the configuration file (see separate pcp-atoprc(5)
man page).
The default colors red and cyan can be modified in the
configuration file as well (see separate man-page of
pcp-atoprc(5)).
With the key 'x' (or flag -x), the use of colors can be
suppressed in text mode. The use of colors is however mandatory
in case of bar graph mode.
GPU statistics can be gathered by pmdanvidia(1) which is a
separate data collection daemon process. It gathers cumulative
utilization counters of every Nvidia GPU in the system, as well
as utilization counters of every process that uses a GPU. When
pcp-atop notices that the daemon is active, it reads these GPU
utilization counters with every interval.
Find a description about the utilization counters in the section
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION.
When running pcp-atop interactively (no output redirection), keys
can be pressed to control the output. In general, lower case
keys can be used to show other information for the active
processes while certain upper case keys can be used to influence
the sort order of the active process/thread list. Some of these
keys can also be used to switch from bar graph mode to particular
detailed process information in text mode.
g Show generic output (default).
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a
window-width of 80 positions: process-id, CPU consumption
during the last interval in system and user mode, the
virtual and resident memory growth of the process.
The data transfer per process for read/write on disk can
only be shown when pcp-atop accesses metrics with root
privileges.
The last columns contain the state, the occupation
percentage for the chosen resource (default: CPU) and the
process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information
is added.
m Show memory related output.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a
window width of 80 positions: process-id, minor and major
memory faults, size of virtual shared text, total virtual
process size, total resident process size, virtual and
resident growth during last interval, memory occupation
percentage and process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information
is added.
For memory consumption, always all processes are shown (also
the processes that were not active during the interval).
d Show disk-related output.
When pcp-atop runs with root privileges, the following
fields are shown: process-id, amount of data read from disk,
amount of data written to disk, amount of data that was
written but has been withdrawn again (WCANCL), disk
occupation percentage and process name.
s Show scheduling characteristics.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a
window width of 80 positions: process-id, number of threads
in state 'running' (R), number of threads in state
'interruptible sleeping' (S), number of threads in state
'uninterruptible sleeping' (D), scheduling policy (normal
timesharing, realtime round-robin, realtime fifo), nice
value, priority, realtime priority, current processor,
status, exit code, state, the occupation percentage for the
chosen resource and the process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information
is added.
v Show various process characteristics.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a
window width of 80 positions: process-id, user name and
group, start date and time, status (e.g. exit code if the
process has finished), state, the occupation percentage for
the chosen resource and the process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information
is added.
c Show the command line of the process.
Per process the following fields are shown: process-id, the
occupation percentage for the chosen resource and the
command line including arguments.
X Show cgroup v2 information.
Per process the following fields are shown: process-id, the
command name, and the cgroup path name (horizontally
scrollable).
e Show GPU utilization.
Per process at least the following fields are shown:
process-id, range of GPU numbers on which the process
currently runs, GPU busy percentage on all GPUs, memory busy
percentage (i.e. read and write accesses on memory) on all
GPUs, memory occupation at the moment of the sample, average
memory occupation during the sample, and GPU percentage.
When the pmdanvidia daemon does not run with root
privileges, the GPU busy percentage and the memory busy
percentage are not available on process level. In that
case, the GPU percentage on process level reflects the GPU
memory occupation instead of the GPU busy percentage (which
is preferred).
o Show the user-defined line of the process.
In the configuration file the keyword ownprocline can be
specified with the description of a user-defined output-
line.
Refer to the man-page of pcp-atoprc(5) for a detailed
description.
y Show the individual threads within a process (toggle).
Single-threaded processes are still shown as one line.
For multi-threaded processes, one line represents the
process while additional lines show the activity per
individual thread (in a different color). Depending on the
option 'a' (all or active toggle), all threads are shown or
only the threads that were active during the last interval.
Depending on the option 'Y' (sort threads), the threads per
process will be sorted on the chosen sort criterium or not.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
Y Sort the threads per process when combined with option 'y'
(toggle).
u Show the process activity accumulated per user.
Per user the following fields are shown: number of processes
active or terminated during last interval (or in total if
combined with command 'a'), accumulated CPU consumption
during last interval in system and user mode, the current
virtual and resident memory space consumed by active
processes (or all processes of the user if combined with
command 'a').
When pcp-atop access metrics with root privileges, the
accumulated read and write throughput on disk is shown.
When the pmdabcc(1) module 'netproc' has been installed, the
number of receive and send network calls are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation
percentage for the chosen resource (default: CPU) and the
user name.
p Show the process activity accumulated per program (i.e.
process name).
Per program the following fields are shown: number of
processes active or terminated during last interval (or in
total if combined with command 'a'), accumulated CPU
consumption during last interval in system and user mode,
the current virtual and resident memory space consumed by
active processes (or all processes of the user if combined
with command 'a').
When pcp-atop access metrics with root privileges, the
accumulated read and write throughput on disk is shown.
When the pmdabcc(1) module 'netproc' has been installed, the
number of receive and send network calls are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation
percentage for the chosen resource (default: CPU) and the
program name.
j Show the process activity accumulated per Docker container.
Per container the following fields are shown: number of
processes active or terminated during last interval (or in
total if combined with command 'a'), accumulated CPU
consumption during last interval in system and user mode,
the current virtual and resident memory space consumed by
active processes (or all processes of the user if combined
with command 'a').
When pcp-atop access metrics with root privileges, the
accumulated read and write throughput on disk is shown.
When the pmdabcc(1) module 'netproc' has been installed, the
number of receive and send network calls are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation
percentage for the chosen resource (default: CPU) and the
Docker container id (CID).
C Sort the current list in the order of CPU consumption
(default). The one-but-last column changes to 'CPU'.
E Sort the current list in the order of GPU utilization
(preferred, but only applicable when the pmdanvidia daemon
runs under root privileges) or the order of GPU memory
occupation). The one-but-last column changes to 'GPU'.
M Sort the current list in the order of resident memory
consumption. The one-but-last column changes to 'MEM'. In
case of sorting on memory, the full process list will be
shown (not only the active processes).
D Sort the current list in the order of disk accesses issued.
The one-but-last column changes to 'DSK'.
N Sort the current list in the order of network bandwidth
(received and transmitted). The one-but-last column changes
to 'NET'.
A Sort the current list automatically in the order of the most
busy system resource during this interval. The one-but-last
column shows either 'ACPU', 'AMEM', 'ADSK' or 'ANET' (the
preceding 'A' indicates automatic sorting-order). The most
busy resource is determined by comparing the weighted busy-
percentages of the system resources, as described earlier in
the section COLORS.
This option remains valid until another sorting-order is
explicitly selected again.
A sorting order for disk is only possible when pcp-atop runs
with root privileges. A sorting-order for network is only
possible when the pmdabcc(1) module 'netproc' has been
installed.
Miscellaneous interactive commands:
? Request for help information (also the key 'h' can be
pressed).
V Request for version information (version number and date).
R Gather and calculate the proportional set size of processes
(toggle). Gathering of all values that are needed to
calculate the PSIZE of a process is a very time-consuming
task, so this key should only be active when analyzing the
resident memory consumption of processes.
W Get the WCHAN per thread (toggle). Gathering of the WCHAN
string per thread is a relatively time-consuming task, so
this key should only be made active when analyzing the
reason for threads to be in sleep state.
x Suppress colors to highlight critical resources (toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
z The pause key can be used to freeze the current situation in
order to investigate the output on the screen. While pcp-
atop is paused, the keys described above can be pressed to
show other information about the current list of processes.
Whenever the pause key is pressed again, pcp-atop will
continue with the next sample.
The pause key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
i Modify the interval timer (default: 10 seconds). If an
interval timer of 0 is entered, the interval timer is
switched off. In that case a new sample can only be
triggered manually by pressing the key 't'.
The interval can be modified in text mode and bar graph
mode.
t Trigger a new sample manually. This key can be pressed if
the current sample should be finished before the timer has
exceeded, or if no timer is set at all (interval timer
defined as 0). In the latter case pcp-atop can be used as a
stopwatch to measure the load being caused by a particular
application transaction, without knowing on beforehand how
many seconds this transaction will last.
This key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
When viewing the contents of an archive folio, this key can
be used to show the next sample from the folio.
T When viewing the contents of an archive folio, this key can
be used to show the previous sample from the folio.
This key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
b When viewing the contents of an archive folio, this key can
be used to move to a certain timestamp within the file
(either forward or backward).
This key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
r Reset all counters to zero to see the system and process
activity since boot again.
This key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
When viewing the contents of an archive, this key can be
used to rewind to the beginning of the file again.
U Specify a search string for specific user names as a regular
expression. From now on, only (active) processes will be
shown from a user which matches the regular expression. The
system statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key
is pressed without specifying a name, (active) processes of
all users will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
I Specify a list with one or more PIDs to be selected. From
now on, only processes will be shown with a PID which
matches one of the given list. The system statistics are
still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without
specifying a PID, all (active) processes will be shown
again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
P Specify a search string for specific process names as a
regular expression. From now on, only processes will be
shown with a name which matches the regular expression. The
system statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key
is pressed without specifying a name, all (active) processes
will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
/ Specify a specific command line search string as a regular
expression. From now on, only processes will be shown with
a command line which matches the regular expression. The
system statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key
is pressed without specifying a string, all (active)
processes will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
J Specify a Docker container id of 12 (hexadecimal)
characters. From now on, only processes will be shown that
run in that specific Docker container (CID). The system
statistics are still system wide. If the Enter-key is
pressed without specifying a container id, all (active)
processes will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
Q Specify a comma-separated list of process state characters.
From now on, only processes will be shown that are in those
specific process states. Accepted states are: R (running),
S (sleeping), D (disk sleep), T (stopped), t (tracing stop),
X (dead), Z (zombie) and P (parked). The system statistics
are still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without
specifying a state, all (active) processes will be shown
again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
S Specify search strings for specific logical volume names,
specific disk names and specific network interface names.
All search strings are interpreted as a regular expressions.
From now on, only those system resources are shown that
match the concerning regular expression. If the Enter-key
is pressed without specifying a search string, all (active)
system resources of that type will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
a The 'all/active' key can be used to toggle between only
showing/accumulating the processes that were active during
the last interval (default) or showing/accumulating all
processes.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
G By default, pcp-atop shows/accumulates the processes that
are alive and the processes that are exited during the last
interval. With this key (toggle), showing/accumulating the
processes that are exited can be suppressed.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
f Show a fixed (maximum) number of header lines for system
resources (toggle). By default only the lines are shown
about system resources (CPUs, paging, logical volumes,
disks, network interfaces) that really have been active
during the last interval. With this key you can force pcp-
atop to show lines of inactive resources as well.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
F Suppress sorting of system resources (toggle). By default
system resources (CPUs, logical volumes, disks, network
interfaces) are sorted on utilization.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
1 Show relevant counters as an average per second (in the
format '..../s') instead of as a total during the interval
(toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header
line.
l Limit the number of system level lines for the counters per-
cpu, the active disks and the network interfaces. By
default lines are shown of all CPUs, disks and network
interfaces which have been active during the last interval.
Limiting these lines can be useful on systems with huge
number CPUs, disks or interfaces in order to be able to run
pcp-atop on a screen/window with e.g. only 24 lines.
For all mentioned resources the maximum number of lines can
be specified interactively. When using the flag -l the
maximum number of per-cpu lines is set to 0, the maximum
number of disk lines to 5 and the maximum number of
interface lines to 3. These values can be modified again in
interactive mode.
k Send a signal to an active process (a.k.a. kill a process).
q Quit the program.
This key can be used in text mode and bar graph mode.
PgDn Show the next page of the process/thread list.
With the arrow-down key the list can be scrolled downwards
with single lines.
^F Show the next page of the process/thread list (forward).
With the arrow-down key the list can be scrolled downwards
with single lines.
PgUp Show the previous page of the process/thread list.
With the arrow-up key the list can be scrolled upwards with
single lines.
^B Show the previous page of the process/thread list
(backward).
With the arrow-up key the list can be scrolled upwards with
single lines.
^L Redraw the screen.
In order to store system and process level statistics for long-
term analysis (e.g. to check the system load and the active
processes running yesterday between 3:00 and 4:00 PM), pcp-atop
can store the system and process level statistics in the PCP
archive format, as an archive folio (see mkaf(1)).
All information about processes and threads is stored in the
archive.
The interval (default: 10 seconds) and number of samples
(default: infinite) can be passed as last arguments. Instead of
the number of samples, the flag -S can be used to indicate that
pcp-atop should finish anyhow before midnight.
A PCP archive can be read and visualized again with the -r
option. The argument is a comma-separated list of names, each of
which may be the base name of an archive or the name of a
directory containing one or more archives. If no argument is
specified, the file $PCP_LOG_DIR/pmlogger/HOST/YYYYMMDD is opened
for input (where YYYYMMDD are digits representing the current
date, and HOST is the hostname of the machine being logged). If
a filename is specified in the format YYYYMMDD (representing any
valid date), the file $PCP_LOG_DIR/pmlogger/HOST/YYYYMMDD is
opened. If a filename with the symbolic name y is specified,
yesterday's daily logfile is opened (this can be repeated so
'yyyy' indicates the logfile of four days ago).
The samples from the file can be viewed interactively by using
the key 't' to show the next sample, the key 'T' to show the
previous sample, the key 'b' to branch to a particular time or
the key 'r' to rewind to the beginning of the file. These keys
can be used in text mode as well as in bar graph mode.
When output is redirected to a file or pipe, pcp-atop prints all
samples in plain ASCII. The default line length is 80 characters
in that case. With the flag -L followed by an alternate line
length, more (or less) columns will be shown.
With the flag -b (begin time) and/or -e (end time) followed by a
time argument of the form [YY-MM-DD] HH:MM, a certain time period
within the archive can be selected.
The first sample shows the system level activity since boot (the
elapsed time in the header shows the time since boot).
In text mode, pcp-atop first shows the lines related to system
level activity for every sample. If a particular system resource
has not been used during the interval, the entire line related to
this resource is suppressed. So the number of system level lines
may vary for each sample.
After that a list is shown of processes which have been active
during the last interval. This list is by default sorted on CPU
consumption, but this order can be changed by the keys which are
previously described.
If values have to be shown by pcp-atop which do not fit in the
column width, another format is used. If e.g. a CPU consumption
of 233216 milliseconds should be shown in a column width of 4
positions, it is shown as '233s' (in seconds). For large memory
figures, another unit is chosen if the value does not fit (Mb
instead of Kb, Gb instead of Mb, Tb instead of Gb, etcetera).
For other values, a kind of exponent notation is used (value
123456789 shown in a column of 5 positions gives 123e6).
The system level information in text mode consists of the
following output lines:
PRC Process and thread level totals.
This line contains the total CPU time consumed in system
mode ('sys') and in user mode ('user'), the total number of
processes present at this moment ('#proc'), the total number
of threads present at this moment in state 'running'
('#trun'), ´sleeping interruptible' ('#tslpi') and 'sleeping
uninterruptible' ('#tslpu'), the number of zombie processes
('#zombie'), the number of clone system calls ('clones'),
and the number of processes that ended during the interval
('#exit') when process accounting is used. Instead of
'#exit' the last column may indicate that process accounting
could not be activated ('no procacct').
If the screen width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
CPU CPU utilization.
At least one line is shown for the total occupation of all
CPUs together.
In case of a multi-processor system, an additional line is
shown for every individual processor (with 'cpu' in lower
case), sorted on activity. Inactive CPUs will not be shown
by default. The lines showing the per-cpu occupation
contain the CPU number in the field combined with the wait
percentage.
Every line contains the percentage of CPU time spent in
kernel mode by all active processes ('sys'), the percentage
of cpu time consumed in user mode ('user') for all active
processes (including processes running with a nice value
larger than zero), the percentage of CPU time spent for
interrupt handling ('irq') including softirq, the percentage
of unused CPU time while no processes were waiting for disk
I/O ('idle'), and the percentage of unused CPU time while at
least one process was waiting for disk I/O ('wait').
In case of per-cpu occupation, the CPU number and the wait
percentage ('w') for that CPU. The number of lines showing
the per-cpu occupation can be limited.
For virtual machines, the steal-percentage ('steal') shows
the percentage of CPU time stolen by other virtual machines
running on the same hardware.
For physical machines hosting one or more virtual machines,
the guest-percentage ('guest') shows the percentage of CPU
time used by the virtual machines. Notice that this
percentage overlaps the user-percentage!
When PMC performance monitoring counters are supported by
the CPU and the kernel (and pmdaperfevent(1) runs with root
privileges), the number of instructions per CPU cycle
('ipc') is shown. The first sample always shows the value
'initial', because the counters are just activated at the
moment that pcp-atop is started.
When the CPU busy percentage is high and the IPC is less
than 1.0, it is likely that the CPU is frequently waiting
for memory access during instruction execution (larger CPU
caches or faster memory might be helpful to improve
performance). When the CPU busy percentage is high and the
IPC is greater than 1.0, it is likely that the CPU is
instruction-bound (more/faster cores might be helpful to
improve performance).
Furthermore, per CPU the effective number of cycles ('cycl')
is shown. This value can reach the current CPU frequency if
such CPU is 100% busy. When an idle CPU is halted, the
number of effective cycles can be (considerably) lower than
the current frequency.
Notice that the average instructions per cycle and number of
cycles is shown in the CPU line for all CPUs.
See also:
http://www.brendangregg.com/blog/2017-05-09/cpu-utilization-is-wrong.html
In case of frequency scaling, all previously mentioned CPU
percentages are relative to the used scaling of the CPU
during the interval. If a CPU has been active for e.g. 50%
in user mode during the interval while the frequency scaling
of that CPU was 40%, only 20% of the full capacity of the
CPU has been used in user mode.
In case that the kernel module 'cpufreq_stats' is active
(after issuing 'modprobe cpufreq_stats'), the average
frequency ('avgf') and the average scaling percentage
('avgscal') is shown. Otherwise the current frequency
('curf') and the current scaling percentage ('curscal') is
shown at the moment that the sample is taken. Notice that
average values for frequency and scaling are shown in the
CPU line for every CPU.
Frequency scaling statistics are only gathered for systems
with maximum 8 CPUs, since gathering of these values per CPU
is very time consuming.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
CPL CPU load information.
This line contains the load average figures reflecting the
number of threads that are available to run on a CPU (i.e.
part of the runqueue) or that are waiting for disk I/O.
These figures are averaged over 1 ('avg1'), 5 ('avg5') and
15 ('avg15') minutes.
Furthermore the number of context switches ('csw'), the
number of serviced interrupts ('intr') and the number of
available CPUs are shown.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
GPU GPU utilization (Nvidia).
Read the section GPU STATISTICS GATHERING in this document
to find the details about the activation of the pmdanvidia
daemon.
In the first column of every line, the bus-id (last nine
characters) and the GPU number are shown. The subsequent
columns show the percentage of time that one or more kernels
were executing on the GPU ('gpubusy'), the percentage of
time that global (device) memory was being read or written
('membusy'), the occupation percentage of memory ('memocc'),
the total memory ('total'), the memory being in use at the
moment of the sample ('used'), the average memory being in
use during the sample time ('usavg'), the number of
processes being active on the GPU at the moment of the
sample ('#proc'), and the type of GPU.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the GPUs can be limited.
MEM Memory occupation (two lines).
These lines contain the total amount of physical memory
('tot'), the amount of memory which is currently free
('free'), the amount of memory in use as page cache
including the total resident shared memory ('cache'), the
amount of memory within the page cache that has to be
flushed to disk ('dirty'), the amount of memory used for
filesystem meta data ('buff'), the amount of memory being
used for kernel mallocs ('slab'), the amount of slab memory
that is reclaimable ('slrec'), the resident size of shared
memory including tmpfs ('shmem'), the resident size of
shared memory ('shrss') the amount of shared memory that is
currently swapped ('shswp'), the amount of memory that is
currently used for page tables ('pgtab'), the number of NUMA
nodes in this system ('numnode'), the amount of memory that
is currently claimed by vmware's balloon driver ('vmbal'),
the amount of memory that is currently claimed by the ARC
(cache) of ZFSonlinux ('zfarc'), the amount of memory that
is claimed for huge pages ('hptot'), the amount of huge page
memory that is really in use ('hpuse'), the amount of memory
that is used for TCP sockets ('tcps'), and the amount of
memory that is used for UDP sockets ('udps').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
SWP Swap occupation and overcommit info.
This line contains the total amount of swap space on disk
('tot') and the amount of free swap space ('free'), the size
of the swap cache ('swcac'), the total size of compressed
storage in zswap ('zpool'), the total size of the compressed
pages stored in zswap ('zstor'), the total size of the
memory used for KSM ('ksuse', i.e. shared), and the total
size of the memory saved (deduped) by KSM ('kssav', i.e.
sharing).
Furthermore the committed virtual memory space ('vmcom') and
the maximum limit of the committed space ('vmlim', which is
by default swap size plus 50% of memory size) is shown. The
committed space is the reserved virtual space for all
allocations of private memory space for processes. The
kernel only verifies whether the committed space exceeds the
limit if strict overcommit handling is configured
(vm.overcommit_memory is 2).
LLC Last-Level Cache of CPU info.
This line contains the total memory bandwidth of LLC
('tot'), the bandwidth of the local NUMA node ('loc'), and
the percentage of LLC in use ('LLCXX YY%').
Note that this feature depends on the 'resctrl' pseudo
filesystem. Be sure that the kernel is built with the
relevant config and take care that the pseudo-filesystem is
mounted:
mount -t resctrl resctrl -o mba_MBps /sys/fs/resctrl (on
Intel)
mount -t resctrl resctrl -o cdp /sys/fs/resctrl (on
AMD)
NUM Memory utilization per NUMA node (not shown for single NUMA
node).
This line shows the total amount of physical memory of this
node ('tot'), the amount of free memory ('free'), the amount
of memory for cached file data ('file'), modified cached
file data ('dirty'), recently used memory ('activ'), less
recently used memory ('inact'), memory being used for kernel
mallocs ('slab'), the amount of slab memory that is
reclaimable ('slrec'), shared memory including tmpfs
('shmem'), total huge pages ('hptot') and the fragmentation
percentage ('frag').
NUC CPU utilization per NUMA node (not shown for single NUMA
node).
This line shows the utilization percentages of all CPUs
related to this NUMA node, categorized for system mode
('sys'), user mode ('user'), user mode for niced processes
('niced'), idle mode ('idle'), wait mode ('w' preceded by
the node number), irq mode ('irq'), softirq mode ('sirq'),
steal mode ('steal'), and guest mode ('guest') overlapping
user mode.
PAG Paging frequency.
This line contains the number of scanned pages ('scan') due
to the fact that free memory drops below a particular
threshold, the number of times that the kernel tries to
reclaim pages due to an urgent need ('stall'), the number of
process stalls to run memory compaction to allocate huge
pages ('compact'), the number of NUMA pages migrated
('numamig'), and the total number of memory pages migrated
successfully e.g. between NUMA nodes or for compaction
('migrate') are shown.
Also the number of memory pages the system read from block
devices ('pgin'), the number of memory pages the system
wrote to block devices ('pgout'), the number of memory pages
the system read from swap space ('swin'), the number of
memory pages the system wrote to swap space ('swout'), and
the number of out-of-memory kills ('oomkill').
PSI Pressure Stall Information.
This line contains percentages about resource pressure
related to CPU, memory and I/O. Certain percentages refer to
'some' meaning that some processes/threads were delayed due
to resource overload. Other percentages refer to 'full'
meaning a loss of overall throughput due to resource
overload.
The values 'cpusome', 'memsome', 'memfull', 'iosome' and
'iofull' show the pressure percentage during the entire
interval.
The values 'cs' (cpu some), 'ms' (memory some), 'mf' (memory
full), ´is' (I/O some) and 'if' (I/O full) each show three
percentages separated by slashes: pressure percentage over
the last 10, 60 and 300 seconds.
LVM/MDD/DSK
Logical volume/multiple device/disk utilization.
Per active unit one line is produced, sorted on unit
activity. Such line shows the name (e.g. VolGroup00-lvtmp
for a logical volume or sda for a hard disk), the percentage
of elapsed time during which I/O requests were issued to the
device ('busy') (note that for devices serving requests in
parallel, such as RAID arrays, SSD and NVMe, this number
does not reflect their performance limits), the number of
read requests issued ('read'), the number of write requests
issued ('write'), the number of discard requests issued
('discrd') if supported by kernel version, the number of
KiBytes per read ('KiB/r'), the number of KiBytes per write
('KiB/w'), the number of KiBytes per discard ('KiB/d') if
supported by kernel version, the number of MiBytes per
second throughput for reads ('MBr/s'), the number of MiBytes
per second throughput for writes ('MBw/s'), requests issued
to the device driver but not completed ('inflt'), the
average queue depth ('avq') and the average number of
milliseconds needed by a request ('avio') for seek, latency
and data transfer.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the units can be limited per
class (LVM, MDD or DSK) with the 'l' key or statically (see
separate man-page of pcp-atoprc(5)). By specifying the
value 0 for a particular class, no lines will be shown any
more for that class.
NFM Network Filesystem (NFS) mount at the client side.
For each NFS-mounted filesystem, a line is shown that
contains the mounted server directory, the name of the
server ('srv'), the total number of bytes physically read
from the server ('read') and the total number of bytes
physically written to the server ('write'). Data transfer
is subdivided in the number of bytes read via normal read()
system calls ('nread'), the number of bytes written via
normal read() system calls ('nwrit'), the number of bytes
read via direct I/O ('dread'), the number of bytes written
via direct I/O ('dwrit'), the number of bytes read via
memory mapped I/O pages ('mread'), and the number of bytes
written via memory mapped I/O pages ('mwrit').
NFC Network Filesystem (NFS) client side counters.
This line contains the number of RPC calls issues by local
processes ('rpc'), the number of read RPC calls ('read') and
write RPC calls ('rpwrite') issued to the NFS server, the
number of RPC calls being retransmitted ('retxmit') and the
number of authorization refreshes ('autref').
NFS Network Filesystem (NFS) server side counters.
This line contains the number of RPC calls received from NFS
clients ('rpc'), the number of read RPC calls received
('cread'), the number of write RPC calls received ('cwrit'),
the number of Megabytes/second returned to read requests by
clients ('MBcr/s'), the number of Megabytes/second passed in
write requests by clients ('MBcw/s'), the number of network
requests handled via TCP ('nettcp'), the number of network
requests handled via UDP ('netudp'), the number of reply
cache hits ('rchits'), the number of reply cache misses
('rcmiss') and the number of uncached requests ('rcnoca').
Furthermore some error counters indicating the number of
requests with a bad format ('badfmt') or a bad authorization
('badaut'), and a counter indicating the number of bad
clients ('badcln').
NET Network utilization (TCP/IP).
One line is shown for activity of the transport layer (TCP
and UDP), one line for the IP layer and one line per active
interface.
For the transport layer, counters are shown concerning the
number of received TCP segments including those received in
error ('tcpi'), the number of transmitted TCP segments
excluding those containing only retransmitted octets
('tcpo'), the number of UDP datagrams received ('udpi'), the
number of UDP datagrams transmitted ('udpo'), the number of
active TCP opens ('tcpao'), the number of passive TCP opens
('tcppo'), the number of TCP output retransmissions
('tcprs'), the number of TCP input errors ('tcpie'), the
number of TCP output resets ('tcpor'), the number of UDP no
ports ('udpnp'), and the number of UDP input errors
('udpie').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.
For the IP layer, counters are shown concerning the number
of IP datagrams received from interfaces, including those
received in error ('ipi'), the number of IP datagrams that
local higher-layer protocols offered for transmission
('ipo'), the number of received IP datagrams which were
forwarded to other interfaces ('ipfrw'), the number of IP
datagrams which were delivered to local higher-layer
protocols ('deliv'), the number of received ICMP datagrams
('icmpi'), and the number of transmitted ICMP datagrams
('icmpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.
For every active network interface one line is shown, sorted
on the interface activity. Such line shows the name of the
interface and its busy percentage in the first column. The
busy percentage for half duplex is determined by comparing
the interface speed with the number of bits transmitted and
received per second; for full duplex the interface speed is
compared with the highest of either the transmitted or the
received bits. When the interface speed can not be
determined (e.g. for the loopback interface), '---' is shown
instead of the percentage.
Furthermore the number of received packets ('pcki'), the
number of transmitted packets ('pcko'), the line speed of
the interface ('sp'), the effective amount of bits received
per second ('si'), the effective amount of bits transmitted
per second ('so'), the number of collisions ('coll'), the
number of received multicast packets ('mlti'), the number of
errors while receiving a packet ('erri'), the number of
errors while transmitting a packet ('erro'), the number of
received packets dropped ('drpi'), and the number of
transmitted packets dropped ('drpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the network interfaces can be
limited.
IFB Infiniband utilization.
For every active Infiniband port one line is shown, sorted
on activity. Such line shows the name of the port and its
busy percentage in the first column. The busy percentage is
determined by taking the highest of either the transmitted
or the received bits during the interval, multiplying that
value by the number of lanes and comparing it against the
maximum port speed.
Furthermore the number of received packets divided by the
number of lanes ('pcki'), the number of transmitted packets
divided by the number of lanes ('pcko'), the maximum line
speed ('sp'), the effective amount of bits received per
second ('si'), the effective amount of bits transmitted per
second ('so'), and the number of lanes ('lanes').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters,
only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the Infiniband ports can be
limited.
Following the system level information, a list of processes is
shown in text mode from which the resource utilization has
changed during the last interval. These processes might have
used CPU time or issued disk or network requests. However a
process is also shown if part of it has been paged out due to
lack of memory (while the process itself was in sleep state).
Per process the following fields may be shown (in alphabetical
order), depending on the current output mode as described in the
section INTERACTIVE COMMANDS and depending on the current width
of your window:
AVGRSZ The average size of one read-action on disk.
AVGWSZ The average size of one write-action on disk.
BANDWI Total bandwidth for received TCP and UDP packets
consumed by this process (bits-per-second). This value
can be compared with the value 'si' on interface level
(used bandwidth per interface).
This information will only be shown when the pmdabcc(1)
module 'netproc' has been installed.
BANDWO Total bandwidth for sent TCP and UDP packets consumed by
this process (bits-per-second). This value can be
compared with the value 'so' on interface level (used
bandwidth per interface).
This information will only be shown when the pmdabcc(1)
module 'netproc' has been installed.
BDELAY Aggregated block I/O delay, i.e. time waiting for disk
I/O.
CGROUP Path name of the cgroup (version 2) to which this
process belongs. This path name is relative to the
cgroup root directory, which is usually
'/sys/fs/cgroup'.
CID Container ID of 12 hexadecimal digits, referring to the
container in which the process/thread is running. If a
process has been started and finished during the last
interval, a '?' is shown because the container ID is not
part of the standard process accounting record.
CMD The name of the process. This name can be surrounded by
"less/greater than" signs ('<name>') which means that
the process has finished during the last interval.
Behind the abbreviation 'CMD' in the header line, the
current page number and the total number of pages of the
process/thread list are shown.
COMMAND-LINE
The full command line of the process (including
arguments). If the length of the command line exceeds
the length of the screen line, the arrow keys -> and <-
can be used for horizontal scroll.
Behind the verb 'COMMAND-LINE' in the header line, the
current page number and the total number of pages of the
process/thread list are shown.
CPU The occupation percentage of this process related to the
available capacity for this resource on system level.
CPUNR The identification of the CPU the (main) thread is
running on or has recently been running on.
CTID Container ID (OpenVZ). If a process has been started
and finished during the last interval, a '?' is shown
because the container ID is not part of the standard
process accounting record.
DSK The occupation percentage of this process related to the
total load that is produced by all processes (i.e. total
disk accesses by all processes during the last
interval).
This information is shown when per process "storage
accounting" is active in the kernel.
EGID Effective group-id under which this process executes.
ENDATE Date that the process has been finished. If the process
is still running, this field shows 'active'.
ENTIME Time that the process has been finished. If the process
is still running, this field shows 'active'.
ENVID Virtual environment identified (OpenVZ only).
EUID Effective user-id under which this process executes.
EXC The exit code of a terminated process (second position
of column 'ST' is E) or the fatal signal number (second
position of column 'ST' is S or C).
FSGID Filesystem group-id under which this process executes.
FSUID Filesystem user-id under which this process executes.
GPU When the pmdanvidia daemon does not run with root
privileges, the GPU percentage reflects the GPU memory
occupation percentage (memory of all GPUs is 100%).
When the pmdanvidia daemon runs with root privileges,
the GPU percentage reflects the GPU busy percentage.
GPUBUSY Busy percentage on all GPUs (one GPU is 100%).
When the pmdanvidia daemon does not run with root
privileges, this value is not available.
GPUNUMS Comma-separated list of GPUs used by the process during
the interval. When the comma-separated list exceeds the
width of the column, a hexadecimal value is shown.
LOCKSZ The virtual amount of memory being locked (i.e. non-
swappable) by this process (or user).
MAJFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that
have been solved by creating/loading the requested
memory page.
MEM The occupation percentage of this process related to the
available capacity for this resource on system level.
MEMAVG Average memory occupation during the interval on all
used GPUs.
MEMBUSY Busy percentage of memory on all GPUs (one GPU is 100%),
i.e. the time needed for read and write accesses on
memory.
When the pmdanvidia daemon does not run with root
privileges, this value is not available.
MEMNOW Memory occupation at the moment of the sample on all
used GPUs.
MINFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that
have been solved by reclaiming the requested memory page
from the free list of pages.
NET The occupation percentage of this process related to the
total load that is produced by all processes (i.e.
consumed network bandwidth of all processes during the
last interval).
This information will only be shown when the pmdabcc(1)
module 'netproc' has been installed.
NICE The more or less static priority that can be given to a
process on a scale from -20 (high priority) to +19 (low
priority).
NIVCSW Number of times the process/thread was context-switched
involuntarily, in case that the time slice expired.
NPROCS The number of active and terminated processes
accumulated for this user or program.
NVCSW Number of times that the process/thread was context-
switched voluntarily in case of a blocking system call,
e.g. to wait for an I/O operation to complete.
PID Process-id.
POLI The policies 'norm' (normal, which is SCHED_OTHER),
'btch' (batch) and 'idle' refer to timesharing
processes. The policies 'fifo' (SCHED_FIFO) and 'rr'
(round robin, which is SCHED_RR) refer to realtime
processes.
PPID Parent process-id.
PRI The process' priority ranges from 0 (highest priority)
to 139 (lowest priority). Priority 0 to 99 are used for
realtime processes (fixed priority independent of their
behavior) and priority 100 to 139 for timesharing
processes (variable priority depending on their recent
CPU consumption and the nice value).
PSIZE The proportional memory size of this process (or user).
Every process shares resident memory with other
processes. E.g. when a particular program is started
several times, the code pages (text) are only loaded
once in memory and shared by all incarnations. Also the
code of shared libraries is shared by all processes
using that shared library, as well as shared memory and
memory-mapped files. For the PSIZE calculation of a
process, the resident memory of a process that is shared
with other processes is divided by the number of
sharers. This means, that every process is accounted
for a proportional part of that memory. Accumulating
the PSIZE values of all processes in the system gives a
reliable impression of the total resident memory
consumed by all processes.
Since gathering of all values that are needed to
calculate the PSIZE is a very time-consuming task, the
'R' key (or '-R' flag) should be active. Gathering
these values also requires superuser privileges
(otherwise '?K' is shown in the output).
RDDSK The read data transfer issued physically on disk (so
reading from the disk cache is not accounted for).
Unfortunately, the kernel aggregates the data transfer
of a process to the data transfer of its parent process
when terminating, so you might see transfers for
(parent) processes like cron, bash or init, that are not
really issued by them.
RDELAY Runqueue delay, i.e. time spent waiting on a runqueue.
RGID The real group-id under which the process executes.
RGROW The amount of resident memory that the process has grown
during the last interval. A resident growth can be
caused by touching memory pages which were not
physically created/loaded before (load-on-demand). Note
that a resident growth can also be negative e.g. when
part of the process is paged out due to lack of memory
or when the process frees dynamically allocated memory.
For a process which started during the last interval,
the resident growth reflects the total resident size of
the process at that moment.
RSIZE The total resident memory usage consumed by this process
(or user). Notice that the RSIZE of a process includes
all resident memory used by that process, even if
certain memory parts are shared with other processes
(see also the explanation of PSIZE).
RTPR Realtime priority according the POSIX standard. Value
can be 0 for a timesharing process (policy 'norm',
'btch' or 'idle') or ranges from 1 (lowest) till 99
(highest) for a realtime process (policy 'rr' or
'fifo').
RUID The real user-id under which the process executes.
S The current state of the (main) thread: 'R' for running
(currently processing or in the runqueue), 'S' for
sleeping interruptible (wait for an event to occur), 'D'
for sleeping non-interruptible, 'Z' for zombie (waiting
to be synchronized with its parent process), 'T' for
stopped (suspended or traced), 'W' for swapping, and 'E'
(exit) for processes which have finished during the last
interval.
SGID The saved group-id of the process.
ST The status of a process.
The first position indicates if the process has been
started during the last interval (the value N means 'new
process').
The second position indicates if the process has been
finished during the last interval.
The value E means 'exit' on the process' own initiative;
the exit code is displayed in the column 'EXC'.
The value S means that the process has been terminated
unvoluntarily by a signal; the signal number is
displayed in the in the column 'EXC'.
The value C means that the process has been terminated
unvoluntarily by a signal, producing a core dump in its
current directory; the signal number is displayed in the
column 'EXC'.
STDATE The start date of the process.
STTIME The start time of the process.
SUID The saved user-id of the process.
SWAPSZ The swap space consumed by this process (or user).
SYSCPU CPU time consumption of this process in system mode
(kernel mode), usually due to system call handling.
TCPRASZ The average size of a received TCP buffer in bytes.
This information will only be shown when the BCC PMDA is
active and the 'netproc' module is enabled.
TCPRCV The number of tcp_recvmsg()/tcp_cleanup_rbuf() calls
from this process. This information will only be shown
when the BCC PMDA is active and the 'netproc' module is
enabled.
TCPSASZ The average size of a TCP buffer requested to be
transmitted in bytes. This information will only be
shown when the BCC PMDA is active and the 'netproc'
module is enabled.
TCPSND The number of tcp_sendmsg() calls from this process.
This information will only be shown when the BCC PMDA is
active and the 'netproc' module is enabled.
THR Total number of threads within this process. All
related threads are contained in a thread group,
represented by pcp-atop as one line or as a separate
line when the 'y' key (or -y flag) is active.
TID Thread-id. All threads within a process run with the
same PID but with a different TID. This value is shown
for individual threads in multi-threaded processes (when
using the key 'y').
TRUN Number of threads within this process that are in the
state 'running' (R).
TSLPI Number of threads within this process that are in the
state 'interruptible sleeping' (S).
TSLPU Number of threads within this process that are in the
state 'uninterruptible sleeping' (D).
UDPRASZ The average size of a received UDP buffer in bytes.
This information will only be shown when the BCC PMDA is
active and the 'netproc' module is enabled.
UDPRCV The number of udp_recvmsg()/skb_consume_udp() calls from
this process. This information will only be shown when
the BCC PMDA is active and the 'netproc' module is
enabled.
UDPSASZ The average size of a UDP buffer requested to be
transmitted in bytes. This information will only be
shown when the BCC PMDA is active and the 'netproc'
module is enabled.
UDPSND The number of udp_sendmsg() calls from this process.
This information will only be shown when the BCC PMDA is
active and the 'netproc' module is enabled.
USRCPU CPU time consumption of this process in user mode, due
to processing the own program text.
VDATA The virtual memory size of the private data used by this
process (including heap and shared library data).
VGROW The amount of virtual memory that the process has grown
during the last interval. A virtual growth can be caused
by e.g. issuing a malloc() or attaching a shared memory
segment. Note that a virtual growth can also be negative
by e.g. issuing a free() or detaching a shared memory
segment. For a process which started during the last
interval, the virtual growth reflects the total virtual
size of the process at that moment.
VPID Virtual process-id (within an OpenVZ container). If a
process has been started and finished during the last
interval, a '?' is shown because the virtual process-id
is not part of the standard process accounting record.
VSIZE The total virtual memory usage consumed by this process
(or user).
VSLIBS The virtual memory size of the (shared) text of all
shared libraries used by this process.
VSTACK The virtual memory size of the (private) stack used by
this process
VSTEXT The virtual memory size of the (shared) text of the
executable program.
WCHAN Wait channel of thread in sleep state, i.e. the name of
the kernel function in which the thread has been put
asleep.
Since determining the name string of the kernel function
is a relatively time-consuming task, the 'W' key (or
'-W' flag) should be active.
WRDSK The write data transfer issued physically on disk (so
writing to the disk cache is not accounted for). This
counter is maintained for the application process that
writes its data to the cache (assuming that this data is
physically transferred to disk later on). Notice that
disk I/O needed for swapping is not taken into account.
Unfortunately, the kernel aggregates the data transfer
of a process to the data transfer of its parent process
when terminating, so you might see transfers for
(parent) processes like cron, bash or init, that are not
really issued by them.
WCANCL The write data transfer previously accounted for this
process or another process that has been cancelled.
Suppose that a process writes new data to a file and
that data is removed again before the cache buffers have
been flushed to disk. Then the original process shows
the written data as WRDSK, while the process that
removes/truncates the file shows the unflushed removed
data as WCANCL.
With the flag -P followed by a list of one or more labels (comma-
separated), parsable output is produced for each sample. The
labels that can be specified for system-level statistics
correspond to the labels (first verb of each line) that can be
found in the interactive output: "CPU", "cpu", "CPL", "GPU",
"MEM", "SWP", "PAG", "PSI", "LVM", "MDD", "DSK", "NFM", "NFC",
"NFS", "NET", "IFB", "LLC", "NUM" and "NUC".
For process-level statistics special labels are introduced: "PRG"
(general), "PRC" (CPU), "PRE" (GPU), "PRM" (memory), "PRD" (disk,
only if "storage accounting" is active).
With the label "ALL", all system and process level statistics are
shown.
The command and command line in the parsable output might contain
spaces and are therefore by default surrounded by parenthesis.
However, since a space is often used as separator between the
fields by parsing tools, with the additional flag -Z it is
possible to exchange the spaces in the command (line) by
underscores and omit the parenthesis.
For every interval all requested lines are shown whereafter pcp-
atop shows a line just containing the label "SEP" as a separator
before the lines for the next sample are generated.
When a sample contains the values since boot, pcp-atop shows a
line just containing the label "RESET" before the lines for this
sample are generated.
The first part of each output-line consists of the following six
fields: label (the name of the label), host (the name of this
machine), epoch (the time of this interval as number of seconds
since 1-1-1970), date (date of this interval in format
YYYY/MM/DD), time (time of this interval in format HH:MM:SS), and
interval (number of seconds elapsed for this interval).
The subsequent fields of each output-line depend on the label:
CPU Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per
second for this machine, number of processors,
consumption for all CPUs in system mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for all CPUs in user mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for all CPUs in user mode for niced
processes (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in
idle mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in
wait mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in irq
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in softirq
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in steal
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in guest
mode (clock-ticks) overlapping user mode, frequency of
all CPUs and frequency percentage of all CPUs.
cpu Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per
second for this machine, processor-number, consumption
for this CPU in system mode (clock-ticks), consumption
for this CPU in user mode (clock-ticks), consumption for
this CPU in user mode for niced processes (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in idle mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in wait mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in irq mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in softirq mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in steal mode (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in guest mode (clock-ticks)
overlapping user mode, frequency of all CPUs, frequency
percentage of all CPUs, instructions executed by all
CPUs and cycles for all CPUs.
CPL Subsequent fields: number of processors, load average
for last minute, load average for last five minutes,
load average for last fifteen minutes, number of
context-switches, and number of device interrupts.
GPU Subsequent fields: GPU number, bus-id string, type of
GPU string, GPU busy percentage during last second (-1
if not available), memory busy percentage during last
second (-1 if not available), total memory size (KiB),
used memory (KiB) at this moment, number of samples
taken during interval, cumulative GPU busy percentage
during the interval (to be divided by the number of
samples for the average busy percentage, -1 if not
available), cumulative memory busy percentage during the
interval (to be divided by the number of samples for the
average busy percentage, -1 if not available), and
cumulative memory occupation during the interval (to be
divided by the number of samples for the average
occupation).
MEM Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in
bytes), size of physical memory (pages), size of free
memory (pages), size of page cache (pages), size of
buffer cache (pages), size of slab (pages), dirty pages
in cache (pages), reclaimable part of slab (pages),
total size of vmware's balloon pages (pages), total size
of shared memory (pages), size of resident shared memory
(pages), size of swapped shared memory (pages), huge
page size (in bytes), total size of huge pages (huge
pages), size of free huge pages (huge pages), size of
ARC (cache) of ZFSonlinux (pages), size of sharing pages
for KSM (pages), size of shared pages for KSM (pages),
size of memory used for TCP sockets (pages), size of
memory used for UDP sockets (pages), and size of
pagetables (pages).
SWP Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in
bytes), size of swap (pages), size of free swap (pages),
size of swap cache (pages), size of committed space
(pages), limit for committed space (pages), size of the
swap cache (pages), size of compressed pages stored in
zswap (pages), and total size of compressed pool in
zswap (pages).
LLC Subsequent fields: LLC id, percentage of LLC in use,
total memory bandwidth of this LLC (in bytes), and
memory bandwidth on local NUMA node of this LLC (in
bytes).
PAG Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in
bytes), number of page scans, number of allocstalls, 0
(future use), number of swapins, number of swapouts,
number of oomkills (-1 when counter not present), number
of process stalls to run memory compaction, number of
pages successfully migrated in total, number of NUMA
pages migrated, number of pages read from block devices,
and number of pages written to block devices.
PSI Subsequent fields: PSI statistics present on this system
(n or y), CPU some avg10, CPU some avg60, CPU some
avg300, CPU some accumulated microseconds during
interval, memory some avg10, memory some avg60, memory
some avg300, memory some accumulated microseconds during
interval, memory full avg10, memory full avg60, memory
full avg300, memory full accumulated microseconds during
interval, I/O some avg10, I/O some avg60, I/O some
avg300, I/O some accumulated microseconds during
interval, I/O full avg10, I/O full avg60, I/O full
avg300, and I/O full accumulated microseconds during
interval.
LVM/MDD/DSK
For every logical volume/multiple device/hard disk one
line is shown.
Subsequent fields: name, number of milliseconds spent
for I/O, number of reads issued, number of sectors
transferred for reads, number of writes issued, number
of sectors transferred for write, number of discards
issued (-1 if not supported), number of sectors
transferred for discards, number of requests currently
in flight (not yet completed), and the average queue
depth while the disk was busy.
NFM Subsequent fields: mounted NFS filesystem, total number
of bytes read, total number of bytes written, number of
bytes read by normal system calls, number of bytes
written by normal system calls, number of bytes read by
direct I/O, number of bytes written by direct I/O,
number of pages read by memory-mapped I/O, and number of
pages written by memory-mapped I/O.
NFC Subsequent fields: number of transmitted RPCs, number of
transmitted read RPCs, number of transmitted write RPCs,
number of RPC retransmissions, and number of
authorization refreshes.
NFS Subsequent fields: number of handled RPCs, number of
received read RPCs, number of received write RPCs,
number of bytes read by clients, number of bytes written
by clients, number of RPCs with bad format, number of
RPCs with bad authorization, number of RPCs from bad
client, total number of handled network requests, number
of handled network requests via TCP, number of handled
network requests via UDP, number of handled TCP
connections, number of hits on reply cache, number of
misses on reply cache, and number of uncached requests.
NET First, one line is produced for the upper layers of the
TCP/IP stack.
Subsequent fields: the verb "upper", number of packets
received by TCP, number of packets transmitted by TCP,
number of packets received by UDP, number of packets
transmitted by UDP, number of packets received by IP,
number of packets transmitted by IP, number of packets
delivered to higher layers by IP, number of packets
forwarded by IP, number of input errors (UDP), number of
noport errors (UDP), number of active opens (TCP),
number of passive opens (TCP), number of passive opens
(TCP), number of established connections at this moment
(TCP), number of retransmitted segments (TCP), number of
input errors (TCP), and number of output resets (TCP).
Next, one line is shown for every interface.
Subsequent fields: name of the interface, number of
packets received by the interface, number of bytes
received by the interface, number of packets transmitted
by the interface, number of bytes transmitted by the
interface, interface speed, and duplex mode (0=half,
1=full).
IFB Subsequent fields: name of the InfiniBand interface,
port number, number of lanes, maximum rate (Mbps),
number of bytes received, number of bytes transmitted,
number of packets received, and number of packets
transmitted.
NUM Subsequent fields: NUMA node number, page size for this
machine (in bytes), the fragmentation percentage of this
node, size of physical memory (pages), size of free
memory (pages), recently (active) used memory (pages),
less recently (inactive) used memory (pages), size of
cached file data (pages), dirty pages in cache (pages),
slab memory being used for kernel mallocs (pages), slab
memory that is reclaimable (pages), shared memory
including tmpfs (pages), and total huge pages (pages).
NUC Subsequent fields: NUMA node number, number of
processors for this node, consumption for node CPUs in
system mode (clock-ticks), consumption for node CPUs in
user mode (clock-ticks), consumption for node CPUs in
user mode for niced processes (clock-ticks), consumption
for node CPUs in idle mode (clock-ticks), consumption
for node CPUs in wait mode (clock-ticks), consumption
for node CPUs in irq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for
node CPUs in softirq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for
node CPUs in steal mode (clock-ticks), and consumption
for node CPUs in guest mode (clock-ticks) overlapping
user mode.
PRG For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID (unique ID of task), name
(between parenthesis or underscores for spaces), state,
real uid, real gid, TGID (group number of related
tasks/threads), total number of threads, exit code (in
case of fatal signal: signal number + 256), start time
(epoch), full command line (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), PPID, number of threads in
state 'running' (R), number of threads in state
'interruptible sleeping' (S), number of threads in state
'uninterruptible sleeping' (D), effective uid, effective
gid, saved uid, saved gid, filesystem uid, filesystem
gid, elapsed time of terminated process (hertz),
is_process (y/n), OpenVZ virtual pid (VPID), OpenVZ
container id (CTID), Container id (CID), indication if
the task is newly started during this interval ('N'),
cgroup v2 path name (between parenthesis or underscores
for spaces), and end time (epoch. or 0 if still active).
PRC For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), state, total number of clock-
ticks per second for this machine, CPU-consumption in
user mode (clockticks), CPU-consumption in system mode
(clockticks), nice value, priority, realtime priority,
scheduling policy, current CPU, sleep average, TGID
(group number of related tasks/threads), is_process
(y/n), runqueue delay in nanoseconds for this thread or
for all threads (in case of process), wait channel of
this thread (between parenthesis or underscores for
spaces), block I/O delay (clockticks), number of
voluntary context switches, and number of involunatary
context switches.
PRE For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), process state, GPU state (A for
active, E for exited, N for no GPU user), number of GPUs
used by this process, bitlist reflecting used GPUs, GPU
busy percentage during interval, memory busy percentage
during interval, memory occupation (KiB) at this moment
cumulative memory occupation (KiB) during interval, and
number of samples taken during interval.
PRM For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), state, page size for this
machine (in bytes), virtual memory size (Kbytes),
resident memory size (Kbytes), shared text memory size
(Kbytes), virtual memory growth (Kbytes), resident
memory growth (Kbytes), number of minor page faults,
number of major page faults, virtual library exec size
(Kbytes), virtual data size (Kbytes), virtual stack size
(Kbytes), swap space used (Kbytes), TGID (group number
of related tasks/threads), is_process (y/n),
proportional set size (Kbytes) if in 'R' option is
specified and virtually locked memory space (Kbytes).
PRD For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), state, obsoleted kernel patch
installed ('n'), standard io statistics used ('y' or
'n'), number of reads on disk, cumulative number of
sectors read, number of writes on disk, cumulative
number of sectors written, cancelled number of written
sectors, TGID (group number of related tasks/threads),
obsoleted value ('n'), and is_process (y/n).
PRN For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between parenthesis or
underscores for spaces), state, pmdabcc(1) module
'netproc' loaded ('y' or 'n'), number of tcp_sendmsg()
calls, cumulative size of TCP buffers requested to be
transmitted, number of tcp_recvmsg()/tcp_cleanup_rbuf()
calls, cumulative size of TCP buffers received, number
of udp_sendmsg() calls, cumulative size of UDP buffers
requested to be transmitted, number of
udp_recvmsg()/skb_consume_udp() calls, cumulative size
of UDP buffers transmitted, number of raw packets
transmitted (obsolete, always 0), number of raw packets
received (obsolete, always 0), TGID (group number of
related tasks/threads) and is_process (y/n).
By sending the SIGUSR1 signal to pcp-atop a new sample will be
forced, even if the current timer interval has not exceeded yet.
The behavior is similar to pressing the 't' key in an interactive
session.
By sending the SIGUSR2 signal to pcp-atop a final sample will be
forced after which pcp-atop will terminate.
To monitor the current system load interactively with an interval
of (default) 10 seconds:
pcp atop
To monitor the system load as bar graphs with an interval of 5
seconds:
pcp atop -B 5
Store information about the system and process activity in a PCP
archive folio with an interval of ten minutes during an hour:
pcp atop -w /tmp/pcp-atop 600 6
View the contents of this file interactively:
pcp atop -r /tmp/pcp-atop
View the processor and disk utilization of this file in parsable
format:
pcp atop -PCPU,DSK -r /tmp/pcp-atop.folio
View the contents of today's standard logfile interactively:
pcp atop -r
View the contents of the standard logfile of the day before
yesterday interactively:
pcp atop -r yy
View the contents of the standard logfile of 2023, June 7 from
02:00 PM onwards interactively:
pcp atop -r 20230607 -b 14:00
To monitor the system load and write it to a file (in plain
ASCII) with an interval of one minute during half an hour with
active processes sorted on memory consumption:
pcp atop -M 60 30 > /log/pcp-atop.mem
pcp-atop is based on the source code of the atop(1) command from
https://atoptool.nl , maintained by Gerlof Langeveld
(gerlof.langeveld@atoptool.nl), and aims to be command line and
output compatible with it as much as possible.
Some features of pcp-atop (such as reporting on the Apache HTTP
daemon, Infiniband, NFS client mounts, hardware event counts, GPU
statistics and per-process TCP and UDP statistics) are only
activated if the corresonding PCP metrics are available. Refer to
the documentation for pmdaapache(1), pmdainfiniband(1),
pmdanfsclient(1), pmdanvidia(1), pmdaperfevent(1) and pmdabcc(1)
for further details on activating these metrics.
The semantics of the per-process network statistics deviate
slightly from the atop(1) tool: instead of the number of TCP/UDP
packets sent/received (which may be inaccurate due to TCP
segmentation offload), pcp-atop shows the number of
tcp_sendmsg()/udp_sendmsg()/etc. kernel calls per process.
/etc/atoprc
Configuration file containing system-wide default values.
For further information about the default values, refer to
the pcp-atoprc(5) man page).
~/.atoprc
Configuration file containing personal default values. For
further information about the default values, refer to the
pcp-atoprc(5) man page).
Environment variables with the prefix PCP_ are used to
parameterize the file and directory names used by PCP. On each
installation, the file /etc/pcp.conf contains the local values
for these variables. The $PCP_CONF variable may be used to
specify an alternative configuration file, as described in
pcp.conf(5).
For environment variables affecting PCP tools, see
pmGetOptions(3).
PCPIntro(1), pcp(1), pcp-atopsar(1), pmdaapache(1), pmdabcc(1),
pmdainfiniband(1), pmdanfsclient(1), pmdanvidia(1), pmdaproc(1),
mkaf(1), pmlogger(1), pmlogger_daily(1) and pcp-atoprc(5).
This page is part of the PCP (Performance Co-Pilot) project.
Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.pcp.io/⟩. If you have a bug report for this manual
page, send it to pcp@groups.io. This page was obtained from the
project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://github.com/performancecopilot/pcp.git⟩ on 2023-12-22.
(At that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found
in the repository was 2023-12-16.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
man-pages@man7.org
Performance Co-Pilot PCP PCP-ATOP(1)
Pages that refer to this page: pcp-atopsar(1), pmafm(1), pmdanvidia(1), pmrep(1), pcp-atoprc(5)
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