file(1) — Linux manual page

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | EXIT STATUS | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | STANDARDS CONFORMANCE | SECURITY | MAGIC DIRECTORY | HISTORY | LEGAL NOTICE | BUGS | TODO | AVAILABILITY | COLOPHON

FILE(1)                  General Commands Manual                 FILE(1)

NAME         top

       file — determine file type

SYNOPSIS         top

       [-bcdEhiklLNnprsSvzZ0] [--apple] [--exclude-quiet] [--extension]
       [--mime-encoding] [--mime-type] [-e testname] [-F separator]
       [-f namefile] [-m magicfiles] [-P name=value] file ... -C [-m
       magicfiles] [--help]

DESCRIPTION         top

       This manual page documents version 5.45 of the command.

       tests each argument in an attempt to classify it.  There are
       three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests,
       magic tests, and language tests.  The first test that succeeds
       causes the file type to be printed.

       The type printed will usually contain one of the words text (the
       file contains only printing characters and a few common control
       characters and is probably safe to read on an ASCII terminal),
       executable (the file contains the result of compiling a program
       in a form understandable to some UNIX kernel or another), or data
       meaning anything else (data is usually “binary” or non-
       printable).  Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files,
       tar archives) that are known to contain binary data.  When
       modifying magic files or the program itself, make sure to
       preserve these keywords.  Users depend on knowing that all the
       readable files in a directory have the word “text” printed.
       Don't do as Berkeley did and change “shell commands text” to
       “shell script”.

       The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a
       stat(2) system call.  The program checks to see if the file is
       empty, or if it's some sort of special file.  Any known file
       types appropriate to the system you are running on (sockets,
       symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that
       implement them) are intuited if they are defined in the system
       header file <sys/stat.h>.

       The magic tests are used to check for files with data in
       particular fixed formats.  The canonical example of this is a
       binary executable (compiled program) a.out file, whose format is
       defined in <elf.h>, <a.out.h> and possibly <exec.h> in the
       standard include directory.  These files have a “magic number”
       stored in a particular place near the beginning of the file that
       tells the UNIX operating system that the file is a binary
       executable, and which of several types thereof.  The concept of a
       “magic number” has been applied by extension to data files.  Any
       file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed offset into
       the file can usually be described in this way.  The information
       identifying these files is read from the compiled magic file
       /usr/local/share/misc/magic.mgc, or the files in the directory
       /usr/local/share/misc/magic if the compiled file does not exist.
       In addition, if $HOME/.magic.mgc or $HOME/.magic exists, it will
       be used in preference to the system magic files.

       If a file does not match any of the entries in the magic file, it
       is examined to see if it seems to be a text file.  ASCII,
       ISO-8859-x, non-ISO 8-bit extended-ASCII character sets (such as
       those used on Macintosh and IBM PC systems), UTF-8-encoded
       Unicode, UTF-16-encoded Unicode, and EBCDIC character sets can be
       distinguished by the different ranges and sequences of bytes that
       constitute printable text in each set.  If a file passes any of
       these tests, its character set is reported.  ASCII, ISO-8859-x,
       UTF-8, and extended-ASCII files are identified as “text” because
       they will be mostly readable on nearly any terminal; UTF-16 and
       EBCDIC are only “character data” because, while they contain
       text, it is text that will require translation before it can be
       read.  In addition, will attempt to determine other
       characteristics of text-type files.  If the lines of a file are
       terminated by CR, CRLF, or NEL, instead of the Unix-standard LF,
       this will be reported.  Files that contain embedded escape
       sequences or overstriking will also be identified.

       Once has determined the character set used in a text-type file,
       it will attempt to determine in what language the file is
       written.  The language tests look for particular strings (cf.
       <names.h>) that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a
       file.  For example, the keyword .br indicates that the file is
       most likely a troff(1) input file, just as the keyword struct
       indicates a C program.  These tests are less reliable than the
       previous two groups, so they are performed last.  The language
       test routines also test for some miscellany (such as tar(1)
       archives, JSON files).

       Any file that cannot be identified as having been written in any
       of the character sets listed above is simply said to be “data”.

OPTIONS         top

       --apple
               Causes the command to output the file type and creator
               code as used by older MacOS versions.  The code consists
               of eight letters, the first describing the file type, the
               latter the creator.  This option works properly only for
               file formats that have the apple-style output defined.

       -b, --brief
               Do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode).

       -C, --compile
               Write a magic.mgc output file that contains a pre-parsed
               version of the magic file or directory.

       -c, --checking-printout
               Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic
               file.  This is usually used in conjunction with the -m
               option to debug a new magic file before installing it.

       -d      Prints internal debugging information to stderr.

       -E      On filesystem errors (file not found etc), instead of
               handling the error as regular output as POSIX mandates
               and keep going, issue an error message and exit.

       -e, --exclude testname
               Exclude the test named in testname from the list of tests
               made to determine the file type.  Valid test names are:

               apptype   EMX application type (only on EMX).

               ascii     Various types of text files (this test will try
                         to guess the text encoding, irrespective of the
                         setting of the ‘encoding’ option).

               encoding  Different text encodings for soft magic tests.

               tokens    Ignored for backwards compatibility.

               cdf       Prints details of Compound Document Files.

               compress  Checks for, and looks inside, compressed files.

               csv       Checks Comma Separated Value files.

               elf       Prints ELF file details, provided soft magic
                         tests are enabled and the elf magic is found.

               json      Examines JSON (RFC-7159) files by parsing them
                         for compliance.

               soft      Consults magic files.

               simh      Examines SIMH tape files.

               tar       Examines tar files by verifying the checksum of
                         the 512 byte tar header.  Excluding this test
                         can provide more detailed content description
                         by using the soft magic method.

               text      A synonym for ‘ascii’.

       --exclude-quiet
               Like --exclude but ignore tests that does not know about.
               This is intended for compatibility with older versions of
               .

       --extension
               Print a slash-separated list of valid extensions for the
               file type found.

       -F, --separator separator
               Use the specified string as the separator between the
               filename and the file result returned.  Defaults to ‘:’.

       -f, --files-from namefile
               Read the names of the files to be examined from namefile
               (one per line) before the argument list.  Either namefile
               or at least one filename argument must be present; to
               test the standard input, use ‘-’ as a filename argument.
               Please note that namefile is unwrapped and the enclosed
               filenames are processed when this option is encountered
               and before any further options processing is done.  This
               allows one to process multiple lists of files with
               different command line arguments on the same invocation.
               Thus if you want to set the delimiter, you need to do it
               before you specify the list of files, like: “-F @ -f
               namefile”, instead of: “-f namefile -F @”.

       -h, --no-dereference
               This option causes symlinks not to be followed (on
               systems that support symbolic links).  This is the
               default if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is
               not defined.

       -i, --mime
               Causes the command to output mime type strings rather
               than the more traditional human readable ones.  Thus it
               may say ‘text/plain; charset=us-ascii’ rather than “ASCII
               text”.

       --mime-type, --mime-encoding
               Like -i, but print only the specified element(s).

       -k, --keep-going
               Don't stop at the first match, keep going.  Subsequent
               matches will be have the string ‘\012- ’ prepended.  (If
               you want a newline, see the -r option.)  The magic
               pattern with the highest strength (see the -l option)
               comes first.

       -l, --list
               Shows a list of patterns and their strength sorted
               descending by magic(4) strength which is used for the
               matching (see also the -k option).

       -L, --dereference
               This option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-
               named option in ls(1) (on systems that support symbolic
               links).  This is the default if the environment variable
               POSIXLY_CORRECT is defined.

       -m, --magic-file magicfiles
               Specify an alternate list of files and directories
               containing magic.  This can be a single item, or a colon-
               separated list.  If a compiled magic file is found
               alongside a file or directory, it will be used instead.

       -N, --no-pad
               Don't pad filenames so that they align in the output.

       -n, --no-buffer
               Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file.
               This is only useful if checking a list of files.  It is
               intended to be used by programs that want filetype output
               from a pipe.

       -p, --preserve-date
               On systems that support utime(3) or utimes(2), attempt to
               preserve the access time of files analyzed, to pretend
               that never read them.

       -P, --parameter name=value
               Set various parameter limits.

               Name         Default    Explanation
               bytes        1M         max number of bytes to read from
                                                                                     file
               elf_notes    256        max ELF notes processed
               elf_phnum    2K         max ELF program sections
                                                                                     processed
               elf_shnum    32K        max ELF sections processed
               elf_shsize   128MB      max ELF section size processed
               encoding     65K        max number of bytes to determine
                                                                                     encoding
               indir        50         recursion limit for indirect
                                                                                     magic
               name         50         use count limit for name/use
                                                                                     magic
               regex        8K         length limit for regex searches

       -r, --raw
               Don't translate unprintable characters to \ooo.  Normally
               translates unprintable characters to their octal
               representation.

       -s, --special-files
               Normally, only attempts to read and determine the type of
               argument files which stat(2) reports are ordinary files.
               This prevents problems, because reading special files may
               have peculiar consequences.  Specifying the -s option
               causes to also read argument files which are block or
               character special files.  This is useful for determining
               the filesystem types of the data in raw disk partitions,
               which are block special files.  This option also causes
               to disregard the file size as reported by stat(2) since
               on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk
               partitions.

       -S, --no-sandbox
               On systems where libseccomp
               (https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp ) is available, the
               -S option disables sandboxing which is enabled by
               default.  This option is needed for to execute external
               decompressing programs, i.e. when the -z option is
               specified and the built-in decompressors are not
               available.  On systems where sandboxing is not available,
               this option has no effect.

       -v, --version
               Print the version of the program and exit.

       -z, --uncompress
               Try to look inside compressed files.

       -Z, --uncompress-noreport
               Try to look inside compressed files, but report
               information about the contents only not the compression.

       -0, --print0
               Output a null character ‘\0’ after the end of the
               filename.  Nice to cut(1) the output.  This does not
               affect the separator, which is still printed.

               If this option is repeated more than once, then prints
               just the filename followed by a NUL followed by the
               description (or ERROR: text) followed by a second NUL for
               each entry.

       --help  Print a help message and exit.

ENVIRONMENT         top

       The environment variable MAGIC can be used to set the default
       magic file name.  If that variable is set, then will not attempt
       to open $HOME/.magic.  adds “.mgc” to the value of this variable
       as appropriate.  The environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT
       controls (on systems that support symbolic links), whether will
       attempt to follow symlinks or not.  If set, then follows symlink,
       otherwise it does not.  This is also controlled by the -L and -h
       options.

FILES         top

       /usr/local/share/misc/magic.mgc  Default compiled list of magic.
       /usr/local/share/misc/magic      Directory containing default
                                        magic files.

EXIT STATUS         top

       will exit with 0 if the operation was successful or >0 if an
       error was encountered.  The following errors cause diagnostic
       messages, but don't affect the program exit code (as POSIX
       requires), unless -E is specified:
             A file cannot be found
             There is no permission to read a file
             The file type cannot be determined

EXAMPLES         top

             $ file file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
             file.c:   C program text
             file:     ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV),
                       dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped
             /dev/wd0a: block special (0/0)
             /dev/hda: block special (3/0)

             $ file -s /dev/wd0{b,d}
             /dev/wd0b: data
             /dev/wd0d: x86 boot sector

             $ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
             /dev/hda:   x86 boot sector
             /dev/hda1:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
             /dev/hda2:  x86 boot sector
             /dev/hda3:  x86 boot sector, extended partition table
             /dev/hda4:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
             /dev/hda5:  Linux/i386 swap file
             /dev/hda6:  Linux/i386 swap file
             /dev/hda7:  Linux/i386 swap file
             /dev/hda8:  Linux/i386 swap file
             /dev/hda9:  empty
             /dev/hda10: empty

             $ file -i file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
             file.c:      text/x-c
             file:        application/x-executable
             /dev/hda:    application/x-not-regular-file
             /dev/wd0a:   application/x-not-regular-file

SEE ALSO         top

       hexdump(1), od(1), strings(1), magic(4)

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE         top

       This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface
       Definition of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the
       vague language contained therein.  Its behavior is mostly
       compatible with the System V program of the same name.  This
       version knows more magic, however, so it will produce different
       (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.

       The one significant difference between this version and System V
       is that this version treats any white space as a delimiter, so
       that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.  For example,

             >10     string  language impress        (imPRESS data)

       in an existing magic file would have to be changed to

             >10     string  language\ impress       (imPRESS data)

       In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a
       backslash, it must be escaped.  For example

             0       string          \begindata      Andrew Toolkit document

       in an existing magic file would have to be changed to

             0       string          \\begindata     Andrew Toolkit document

       SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a
       command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
       This version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.  It includes
       the extension of the ‘&’ operator, used as, for example,

             >16     long&0x7fffffff >0              not stripped

SECURITY         top

       On systems where libseccomp
       (https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp ) is available, is enforces
       limiting system calls to only the ones necessary for the
       operation of the program.  This enforcement does not provide any
       security benefit when is asked to decompress input files running
       external programs with the -z option.  To enable execution of
       external decompressors, one needs to disable sandboxing using the
       -S option.

MAGIC DIRECTORY         top

       The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
       mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.  Christos
       Zoulas (address below) will collect additional or corrected magic
       file entries.  A consolidation of magic file entries will be
       distributed periodically.

       The order of entries in the magic file is significant.  Depending
       on what system you are using, the order that they are put
       together may be incorrect.  If your old command uses a magic
       file, keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
       (rename it to /usr/local/share/misc/magic.orig).

HISTORY         top

       There has been a command in every UNIX since at least Research
       Version 4 (man page dated November, 1973).  The System V version
       introduced one significant major change: the external list of
       magic types.  This slowed the program down slightly but made it a
       lot more flexible.

       This program, based on the System V version, was written by Ian
       Darwin ⟨ian@darwinsys.com⟩ without looking at anybody else's
       source code.

       John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than
       the first version.  Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies and
       provided some magic file entries.  Contributions of the ‘&’
       operator by Rob McMahon, ⟨cudcv@warwick.ac.uk⟩, 1989.

       Guy Harris, ⟨guy@netapp.com⟩, made many changes from 1993 to the
       present.

       Primary development and maintenance from 1990 to the present by
       Christos Zoulas ⟨christos@astron.com⟩.

       Altered by Chris Lowth ⟨chris@lowth.com⟩, 2000: handle the -i
       option to output mime type strings, using an alternative magic
       file and internal logic.

       Altered by Eric Fischer ⟨enf@pobox.com⟩, July, 2000, to identify
       character codes and attempt to identify the languages of non-
       ASCII files.

       Altered by Reuben Thomas ⟨rrt@sc3d.org⟩, 2007-2011, to improve
       MIME support, merge MIME and non-MIME magic, support directories
       as well as files of magic, apply many bug fixes, update and fix a
       lot of magic, improve the build system, improve the
       documentation, and rewrite the Python bindings in pure Python.

       The list of contributors to the ‘magic’ directory (magic files)
       is too long to include here.  You know who you are; thank you.
       Many contributors are listed in the source files.

LEGAL NOTICE         top

       Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada, 1986-1999.  Covered
       by the standard Berkeley Software Distribution copyright; see the
       file COPYING in the source distribution.

       The files tar.h and is_tar.c were written by John Gilmore from
       his public-domain tar(1) program, and are not covered by the
       above license.

BUGS         top

       Please report bugs and send patches to the bug tracker at
       https://bugs.astron.com/  or the mailing list at ⟨file@astron.com⟩
       (visit https://mailman.astron.com/mailman/listinfo/file  first to
       subscribe).

TODO         top

       Fix output so that tests for MIME and APPLE flags are not needed
       all over the place, and actual output is only done in one place.
       This needs a design.  Suggestion: push possible outputs on to a
       list, then pick the last-pushed (most specific, one hopes) value
       at the end, or use a default if the list is empty.  This should
       not slow down evaluation.

       The handling of MAGIC_CONTINUE and printing \012- between entries
       is clumsy and complicated; refactor and centralize.

       Some of the encoding logic is hard-coded in encoding.c and can be
       moved to the magic files if we had a !:charset annotation.

       Continue to squash all magic bugs.  See Debian BTS for a good
       source.

       Store arbitrarily long strings, for example for %s patterns, so
       that they can be printed out.  Fixes Debian bug #271672.  This
       can be done by allocating strings in a string pool, storing the
       string pool at the end of the magic file and converting all the
       string pointers to relative offsets from the string pool.

       Add syntax for relative offsets after current level (Debian bug
       #466037).

       Make file -ki work, i.e. give multiple MIME types.

       Add a zip library so we can peek inside Office2007 documents to
       print more details about their contents.

       Add an option to print URLs for the sources of the file
       descriptions.

       Combine script searches and add a way to map executable names to
       MIME types (e.g. have a magic value for !:mime which causes the
       resulting string to be looked up in a table).  This would avoid
       adding the same magic repeatedly for each new hash-bang
       interpreter.

       When a file descriptor is available, we can skip and adjust the
       buffer instead of the hacky buffer management we do now.

       Fix “name” and “use” to check for consistency at compile time
       (duplicate “name”, “use” pointing to undefined “name” ).  Make
       “name” / “use” more efficient by keeping a sorted list of names.
       Special-case ^ to flip endianness in the parser so that it does
       not have to be escaped, and document it.

       If the offsets specified internally in the file exceed the buffer
       size ( HOWMANY variable in file.h), then we don't seek to that
       offset, but we give up.  It would be better if buffer managements
       was done when the file descriptor is available so we can seek
       around the file.  One must be careful though because this has
       performance and thus security considerations, because one can
       slow down things by repeatedly seeking.

       There is support now for keeping separate buffers and having
       offsets from the end of the file, but the internal buffer
       management still needs an overhaul.

AVAILABILITY         top

       You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous
       FTP on ftp.astron.com in the directory
       /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz.

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the file (a file type guesser) project.
       Information about the project can be found at
       http://www.darwinsys.com/file/.  If you have a bug report for
       this manual page, see ⟨http://bugs.gw.com/my_view_page.php⟩.
       This page was obtained from the project's upstream Git read-only
       mirror of the CVS repository ⟨https://github.com/glensc/file⟩ on
       2023-12-22.  (At that time, the date of the most recent commit
       that was found in the repository was 2023-12-21.)  If you
       discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
       or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
       the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the
       information in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original
       manual page), send a mail to man-pages@man7.org

GNU                           May 21, 2023                       FILE(1)

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