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GIT(1) Git Manual GIT(1)
git - the stupid content tracker
git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
[--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
[-p | --paginate | -P | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--no-lazy-fetch]
[--no-optional-locks] [--no-advice] [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>]
[--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]
<command> [<args>]
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with
an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level
operations and full access to internals.
See gittutorial(7) to get started, then see giteveryday(7) for a
useful minimum set of commands. The Git User’s Manual[1] has a
more in-depth introduction.
After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
individual Git commands with "git help command". gitcli(7) manual
page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
can be viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html or
https://git-scm.com/docs .
-v, --version
Prints the Git suite version that the git program came from.
This option is internally converted to git version ... and
accepts the same options as the git-version(1) command. If
--help is also given, it takes precedence over --version.
-h, --help
Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
commands. If the option --all or -a is given then all
available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
option will bring up the manual page for that command.
Other options are available to control how the manual page is
displayed. See git-help(1) for more information, because git
--help ... is converted internally into git help ....
-C <path>
Run as if git was started in <path> instead of the current
working directory. When multiple -C options are given, each
subsequent non-absolute -C <path> is interpreted relative to
the preceding -C <path>. If <path> is present but empty, e.g.
-C "", then the current working directory is left unchanged.
This option affects options that expect path name like
--git-dir and --work-tree in that their interpretations of the
path names would be made relative to the working directory
caused by the -C option. For example the following invocations
are equivalent:
git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
-c <name>=<value>
Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given
will override values from configuration files. The <name> is
expected in the same format as listed by git config (subkeys
separated by dots).
Note that omitting the = in git -c foo.bar ... is allowed and
sets foo.bar to the boolean true value (just like [foo]bar
would in a config file). Including the equals but with an
empty value (like git -c foo.bar= ...) sets foo.bar to the
empty string which git config --type=bool will convert to
false.
--config-env=<name>=<envvar>
Like -c <name>=<value>, give configuration variable <name> a
value, where <envvar> is the name of an environment variable
from which to retrieve the value. Unlike -c there is no
shortcut for directly setting the value to an empty string,
instead the environment variable itself must be set to the
empty string. It is an error if the <envvar> does not exist in
the environment. <envvar> may not contain an equals sign to
avoid ambiguity with <name> containing one.
This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
configuration options to git, but are doing so on operating
systems where other processes might be able to read your
command line (e.g. /proc/self/cmdline), but not your
environment (e.g. /proc/self/environ). That behavior is the
default on Linux, but may not be on your system.
Note that this might add security for variables such as
http.extraHeader where the sensitive information is part of
the value, but not e.g. url.<base>.insteadOf where the
sensitive information can be part of the key.
--exec-path[=<path>]
Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This
can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
environment variable. If no path is given, git will print the
current setting and then exit.
--html-path
Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git’s HTML
documentation is installed and exit.
--man-path
Print the manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this
version of Git and exit.
--info-path
Print the path where the Info files documenting this version
of Git are installed and exit.
-p, --paginate
Pipe all output into less (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
output is a terminal. This overrides the pager.<cmd>
configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism"
section below).
-P, --no-pager
Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
--git-dir=<path>
Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can
also be controlled by setting the GIT_DIR environment
variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
current working directory.
Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
option (or GIT_DIR environment variable) turns off the
repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
that you are at the top level of the working tree. If you are
not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you should
tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is, with the
--work-tree=<path> option (or GIT_WORK_TREE environment
variable)
If you just want to run git as if it was started in <path>
then use git -C <path>.
--work-tree=<path>
Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
or a path relative to the current working directory. This can
also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment
variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see
core.worktree in git-config(1) for a more detailed
discussion).
--namespace=<path>
Set the Git namespace. See gitnamespaces(7) for more details.
Equivalent to setting the GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable.
--bare
Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
environment is not set, it is set to the current working
directory.
--no-replace-objects
Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. This is
equivalent to exporting the GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS environment
variable with any value. See git-replace(1) for more
information.
--no-lazy-fetch
Do not fetch missing objects from the promisor remote on
demand. Useful together with git cat-file -e <object> to see
if the object is locally available. This is equivalent to
setting the GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH environment variable to 1.
--no-optional-locks
Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
equivalent to setting the GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS to 0.
--no-advice
Disable all advice hints from being printed.
--literal-pathspecs
Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec
magic). This is equivalent to setting the
GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
--glob-pathspecs
Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
setting the GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
Disabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using
pathspec magic ":(literal)"
--noglob-pathspecs
Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
setting the GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
Enabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using
pathspec magic ":(glob)"
--icase-pathspecs
Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
setting the GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
--list-cmds=<group>[,<group>...]
List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
others (all other commands in $PATH that have git- prefix),
list-<category> (see categories in command-list.txt),
nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
(retrieve command list from config variable
completion.commands)
--attr-source=<tree-ish>
Read gitattributes from <tree-ish> instead of the worktree.
See gitattributes(5). This is equivalent to setting the
GIT_ATTR_SOURCE environment variable.
We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
("plumbing") commands.
We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
ancillary user utilities.
Main porcelain commands
git-add(1)
Add file contents to the index.
git-am(1)
Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
git-archive(1)
Create an archive of files from a named tree.
git-backfill(1)
Download missing objects in a partial clone.
git-bisect(1)
Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.
git-branch(1)
List, create, or delete branches.
git-bundle(1)
Move objects and refs by archive.
git-checkout(1)
Switch branches or restore working tree files.
git-cherry-pick(1)
Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
git-citool(1)
Graphical alternative to git-commit.
git-clean(1)
Remove untracked files from the working tree.
git-clone(1)
Clone a repository into a new directory.
git-commit(1)
Record changes to the repository.
git-describe(1)
Give an object a human readable name based on an available
ref.
git-diff(1)
Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
git-fetch(1)
Download objects and refs from another repository.
git-format-patch(1)
Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
git-gc(1)
Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
git-grep(1)
Print lines matching a pattern.
git-gui(1)
A portable graphical interface to Git.
git-init(1)
Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing
one.
git-log(1)
Show commit logs.
git-maintenance(1)
Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.
git-merge(1)
Join two or more development histories together.
git-mv(1)
Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
git-notes(1)
Add or inspect object notes.
git-pull(1)
Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local
branch.
git-push(1)
Update remote refs along with associated objects.
git-range-diff(1)
Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).
git-rebase(1)
Reapply commits on top of another base tip.
git-reset(1)
Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
git-restore(1)
Restore working tree files.
git-revert(1)
Revert some existing commits.
git-rm(1)
Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
git-shortlog(1)
Summarize git log output.
git-show(1)
Show various types of objects.
git-sparse-checkout(1)
Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.
git-stash(1)
Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
git-status(1)
Show the working tree status.
git-submodule(1)
Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
git-switch(1)
Switch branches.
git-tag(1)
Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
git-worktree(1)
Manage multiple working trees.
gitk(1)
The Git repository browser.
scalar(1)
A tool for managing large Git repositories.
Ancillary Commands
Manipulators:
git-config(1)
Get and set repository or global options.
git-fast-export(1)
Git data exporter.
git-fast-import(1)
Backend for fast Git data importers.
git-filter-branch(1)
Rewrite branches.
git-mergetool(1)
Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge
conflicts.
git-pack-refs(1)
Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
git-prune(1)
Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
git-reflog(1)
Manage reflog information.
git-refs(1)
Low-level access to refs.
git-remote(1)
Manage set of tracked repositories.
git-repack(1)
Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
git-replace(1)
Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
Interrogators:
git-annotate(1)
Annotate file lines with commit information.
git-blame(1)
Show what revision and author last modified each line of a
file.
git-bugreport(1)
Collect information for user to file a bug report.
git-count-objects(1)
Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
git-diagnose(1)
Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.
git-difftool(1)
Show changes using common diff tools.
git-fsck(1)
Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the
database.
git-help(1)
Display help information about Git.
git-instaweb(1)
Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
git-merge-tree(1)
Perform merge without touching index or working tree.
git-rerere(1)
Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
git-show-branch(1)
Show branches and their commits.
git-verify-commit(1)
Check the GPG signature of commits.
git-verify-tag(1)
Check the GPG signature of tags.
git-version(1)
Display version information about Git.
git-whatchanged(1)
Show logs with differences each commit introduces.
gitweb(1)
Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
Interacting with Others
These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
people via patch over e-mail.
git-archimport(1)
Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.
git-cvsexportcommit(1)
Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
git-cvsimport(1)
Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
git-cvsserver(1)
A CVS server emulator for Git.
git-imap-send(1)
Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
git-p4(1)
Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.
git-quiltimport(1)
Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
git-request-pull(1)
Generates a summary of pending changes.
git-send-email(1)
Send a collection of patches as emails.
git-svn(1)
Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and
Git.
Reset, restore and revert
There are three commands with similar names: git reset, git
restore and git revert.
• git-revert(1) is about making a new commit that reverts the
changes made by other commits.
• git-restore(1) is about restoring files in the working tree
from either the index or another commit. This command does not
update your branch. The command can also be used to restore
files in the index from another commit.
• git-reset(1) is about updating your branch, moving the tip in
order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation
changes the commit history.
git reset can also be used to restore the index, overlapping
with git restore.
Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level
commands are sufficient to support development of alternative
porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading
about git-update-index(1) and git-read-tree(1).
The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to
these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than
Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for
scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other
hand are subject to change in order to improve the end user
experience.
The following description divides the low-level commands into
commands that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and
working tree), commands that interrogate and compare objects, and
commands that move objects and references between repositories.
Manipulation commands
git-apply(1)
Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
git-checkout-index(1)
Copy files from the index to the working tree.
git-commit-graph(1)
Write and verify Git commit-graph files.
git-commit-tree(1)
Create a new commit object.
git-hash-object(1)
Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file.
git-index-pack(1)
Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
git-merge-file(1)
Run a three-way file merge.
git-merge-index(1)
Run a merge for files needing merging.
git-mktag(1)
Creates a tag object with extra validation.
git-mktree(1)
Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
git-multi-pack-index(1)
Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.
git-pack-objects(1)
Create a packed archive of objects.
git-prune-packed(1)
Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
git-read-tree(1)
Reads tree information into the index.
git-replay(1)
EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare
repos too.
git-symbolic-ref(1)
Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.
git-unpack-objects(1)
Unpack objects from a packed archive.
git-update-index(1)
Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
git-update-ref(1)
Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
git-write-tree(1)
Create a tree object from the current index.
Interrogation commands
git-cat-file(1)
Provide contents or details of repository objects.
git-cherry(1)
Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.
git-diff-files(1)
Compares files in the working tree and the index.
git-diff-index(1)
Compare a tree to the working tree or index.
git-diff-pairs(1)
Compare the content and mode of provided blob pairs.
git-diff-tree(1)
Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree
objects.
git-for-each-ref(1)
Output information on each ref.
git-for-each-repo(1)
Run a Git command on a list of repositories.
git-get-tar-commit-id(1)
Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
git-ls-files(1)
Show information about files in the index and the working
tree.
git-ls-remote(1)
List references in a remote repository.
git-ls-tree(1)
List the contents of a tree object.
git-merge-base(1)
Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
git-name-rev(1)
Find symbolic names for given revs.
git-pack-redundant(1)
Find redundant pack files.
git-rev-list(1)
Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
git-rev-parse(1)
Pick out and massage parameters.
git-show-index(1)
Show packed archive index.
git-show-ref(1)
List references in a local repository.
git-unpack-file(1)
Creates a temporary file with a blob’s contents.
git-var(1)
Show a Git logical variable.
git-verify-pack(1)
Validate packed Git archive files.
In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the
working tree.
Syncing repositories
git-daemon(1)
A really simple server for Git repositories.
git-fetch-pack(1)
Receive missing objects from another repository.
git-http-backend(1)
Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
git-send-pack(1)
Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.
git-update-server-info(1)
Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
typically do not use them directly.
git-http-fetch(1)
Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.
git-http-push(1)
Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
git-receive-pack(1)
Receive what is pushed into the repository.
git-shell(1)
Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
git-upload-archive(1)
Send archive back to git-archive.
git-upload-pack(1)
Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
Internal helper commands
These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
users typically do not use them directly.
git-check-attr(1)
Display gitattributes information.
git-check-ignore(1)
Debug gitignore / exclude files.
git-check-mailmap(1)
Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.
git-check-ref-format(1)
Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
git-column(1)
Display data in columns.
git-credential(1)
Retrieve and store user credentials.
git-credential-cache(1)
Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.
git-credential-store(1)
Helper to store credentials on disk.
git-fmt-merge-msg(1)
Produce a merge commit message.
git-hook(1)
Run git hooks.
git-interpret-trailers(1)
Add or parse structured information in commit messages.
git-mailinfo(1)
Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
git-mailsplit(1)
Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
git-merge-one-file(1)
The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
git-patch-id(1)
Compute unique ID for a patch.
git-sh-i18n(1)
Git’s i18n setup code for shell scripts.
git-sh-setup(1)
Common Git shell script setup code.
git-stripspace(1)
Remove unnecessary whitespace.
The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.
gitcore-tutorial(7)
A Git core tutorial for developers.
gitcredentials(7)
Providing usernames and passwords to Git.
gitcvs-migration(7)
Git for CVS users.
gitdiffcore(7)
Tweaking diff output.
giteveryday(7)
A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.
gitfaq(7)
Frequently asked questions about using Git.
gitglossary(7)
A Git Glossary.
gitnamespaces(7)
Git namespaces.
gitremote-helpers(7)
Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.
gitsubmodules(7)
Mounting one repository inside another.
gittutorial(7)
A tutorial introduction to Git.
gittutorial-2(7)
A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.
gitworkflows(7)
An overview of recommended workflows with Git.
This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces
which users are expected to interact with directly. See
--user-formats in git-help(1) for more details on the criteria.
gitattributes(5)
Defining attributes per path.
gitcli(7)
Git command-line interface and conventions.
githooks(5)
Hooks used by Git.
gitignore(5)
Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.
gitmailmap(5)
Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.
gitmodules(5)
Defining submodule properties.
gitrepository-layout(5)
Git Repository Layout.
gitrevisions(7)
Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.
This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols
and other git developer interfaces. See --developer-interfaces in
git-help(1).
gitformat-bundle(5)
The bundle file format.
gitformat-chunk(5)
Chunk-based file formats.
gitformat-commit-graph(5)
Git commit-graph format.
gitformat-index(5)
Git index format.
gitformat-pack(5)
Git pack format.
gitformat-signature(5)
Git cryptographic signature formats.
gitprotocol-capabilities(5)
Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.
gitprotocol-common(5)
Things common to various protocols.
gitprotocol-http(5)
Git HTTP-based protocols.
gitprotocol-pack(5)
How packs are transferred over-the-wire.
gitprotocol-v2(5)
Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.
Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
like this:
#
# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
#
; core variables
[core]
; Don't trust file modes
filemode = false
; user identity
[user]
name = "Junio C Hamano"
email = "gitster@pobox.com"
Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their
operation accordingly. See git-config(1) for a list and more
details about the configuration mechanism.
<object>
Indicates the object name for any type of object.
<blob>
Indicates a blob object name.
<tree>
Indicates a tree object name.
<commit>
Indicates a commit object name.
<tree-ish>
Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that
takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a
<tree> object but automatically dereferences <commit> and
<tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
<commit-ish>
Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
<commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a
<commit> object but automatically dereferences <tag> objects
that point at a <commit>.
<type>
Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of:
blob, tree, commit, or tag.
<file>
Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of
the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
symbolic notation:
HEAD
indicates the head of the current branch.
<tag>
a valid tag name (i.e. a refs/tags/<tag> reference).
<head>
a valid head name (i.e. a refs/heads/<head> reference).
For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).
Please see the gitrepository-layout(5) document.
Read githooks(5) for more details about each hook.
Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in
the $GIT_DIR.
Please see gitglossary(7).
Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and
change their behavior. The environment variables marked as
"Boolean" take their values the same way as Boolean valued
configuration variables, i.e., "true", "yes", "on" and positive
numbers are taken as "yes", while "false", "no", "off", and "0"
are taken as "no".
Here are the variables:
System
HOME
Specifies the path to the user’s home directory. On Windows,
if unset, Git will set a process environment variable equal
to: $HOMEDRIVE$HOMEPATH if both $HOMEDRIVE and $HOMEPATH
exist; otherwise $USERPROFILE if $USERPROFILE exists.
The Git Repository
These environment variables apply to all core Git commands. Nb: it
is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting
above Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
GIT_INDEX_FILE
This environment variable specifies an alternate index file.
If not specified, the default of $GIT_DIR/index is used.
GIT_INDEX_VERSION
This environment variable specifies what index version is used
when writing the index file out. It won’t affect existing
index files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
git-update-index(1) for more information.
GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY
If the object storage directory is specified via this
environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
underneath - otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory
is used.
GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES
Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of
Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted
as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the
value "path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths:
path-with-"-and-:-in-it and vanilla-path.
GIT_DIR
If the GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies a
path to use instead of the default .git for the base of the
repository. The --git-dir command-line option also sets this
value.
GIT_WORK_TREE
Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be
controlled by the --work-tree command-line option and the
core.worktree configuration variable.
GIT_NAMESPACE
Set the Git namespace; see gitnamespaces(7) for details. The
--namespace command-line option also sets this value.
GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES
This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that might be
present in order to compare them with the current directory.
However, if even this access is slow, you can add an empty
entry to the list to tell Git that the subsequent entries are
not symlinks and needn’t be resolved; e.g.,
GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink.
GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM
When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
directories to find the top of the working tree, but by
default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This Boolean
environment variable can be set to true to tell Git not to
stop at filesystem boundaries. Like GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES,
this will not affect an explicit repository directory set via
GIT_DIR or on the command line.
GIT_COMMON_DIR
If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path instead.
Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken from
$GIT_DIR. See gitrepository-layout(5) and git-worktree(1) for
details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
GIT_DEFAULT_HASH
If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
repositories will be set to this value. This value is ignored
when cloning and the setting of the remote repository is
always used. The default is "sha1". See --object-format in
git-init(1).
GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT
If this variable is set, the default reference backend format
for new repositories will be set to this value. The default is
"files". See --ref-format in git-init(1).
Git Commits
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
The human-readable name used in the author identity when
creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs.
Overrides the user.name and author.name configuration
settings.
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
The email address used in the author identity when creating
commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the
user.email and author.email configuration settings.
GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
The date used for the author identity when creating commit or
tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for
valid formats.
GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
The human-readable name used in the committer identity when
creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs.
Overrides the user.name and committer.name configuration
settings.
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
The email address used in the author identity when creating
commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the
user.email and committer.email configuration settings.
GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
The date used for the committer identity when creating commit
or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for
valid formats.
EMAIL
The email address used in the author and committer identities
if no other relevant environment variable or configuration
setting has been set.
Git Diffs
GIT_DIFF_OPTS
Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
value passed on the Git diff command line.
GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
When the environment variable GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is set, the
program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git does
not use its builtin diff machinery. For a path that is added,
removed, or modified, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 7
parameters:
path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
where:
<old|new>-file
are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of
<old|new>,
<old|new>-hex
are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
<old|new>-mode
are the octal representation of the file modes.
The file parameters can point at the user’s working file (e.g.
new-file in "git-diff-files"), /dev/null (e.g. old-file when
a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. old-file in
the index). GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF should not worry about
unlinking the temporary file — it is removed when
GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF exits.
For a path that is unmerged, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with
1 parameter, <path>.
For each path GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called, two environment
variables, GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER and GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL are
set.
GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF_TRUST_EXIT_CODE
If this Boolean environment variable is set to true then the
GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF command is expected to return exit code 0 if
it considers the input files to be equal or 1 if it considers
them to be different, like diff(1). If it is set to false,
which is the default, then the command is expected to return
exit code 0 regardless of equality. Any other exit code causes
Git to report a fatal error.
GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER
A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL
The total number of paths.
other
GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY
A number controlling the amount of output shown by the
recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See
git-merge(1)
GIT_PAGER
This environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to an
empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a
pager. See also the core.pager option in git-config(1).
GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY
A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.
GIT_EDITOR
This environment variable overrides $EDITOR and $VISUAL. It is
used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an
editor is to be launched. See also git-var(1) and the
core.editor option in git-config(1).
GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
git-rebase(1) and the sequence.editor option in git-config(1).
GIT_SSH, GIT_SSH_COMMAND
If either of these environment variables is set then git fetch
and git push will use the specified command instead of ssh
when they need to connect to a remote system. The command-line
parameters passed to the configured command are determined by
the ssh variant. See ssh.variant option in git-config(1) for
details.
$GIT_SSH_COMMAND takes precedence over $GIT_SSH, and is
interpreted by the shell, which allows additional arguments to
be included. $GIT_SSH on the other hand must be just the path
to a program (which can be a wrapper shell script, if
additional arguments are needed).
Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through
your personal .ssh/config file. Please consult your ssh
documentation for further details.
GIT_SSH_VARIANT
If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git’s
autodetection whether GIT_SSH/GIT_SSH_COMMAND/core.sshCommand
refer to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This variable
overrides the config setting ssh.variant that serves the same
purpose.
GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY
Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
pushing over HTTPS.
GIT_ATTR_SOURCE
Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.
GIT_ASKPASS
If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which
need to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or
IMAP authentication) will call this program with a suitable
prompt as command-line argument and read the password from its
STDOUT. See also the core.askPass option in git-config(1).
GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT
If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will
not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP
authentication).
GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL, GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM
Take the configuration from the given files instead from
global or system-level configuration files. If
GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM is set, the system config file defined at
build time (usually /etc/gitconfig) will not be read.
Likewise, if GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL is set, neither
$HOME/.gitconfig nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config will be read.
Can be set to /dev/null to skip reading configuration files of
the respective level.
GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM
Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. This Boolean environment
variable can be used along with $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME to
create a predictable environment for a picky script, or you
can set it to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy
/etc/gitconfig file while waiting for someone with sufficient
permissions to fix it.
GIT_FLUSH
If this Boolean environment variable is set to true, then
commands such as git blame (in incremental mode), git
rev-list, git log, git check-attr and git check-ignore will
force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
flushed. If this variable is set to false, the output of these
commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this
environment variable is not set, Git will choose buffered or
record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to be
redirected to a file or not.
GIT_TRACE
Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
command execution and external command execution.
If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is
case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.
If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and
lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as
an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace
messages into this file descriptor.
Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
(starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a
file path and will try to append the trace messages to it.
Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false"
(case insensitive) disables trace messages.
GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR
Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS
Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
pack-related performance problems. See GIT_TRACE for available
trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACKET
Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
starting with "PACK" (but see GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE below). See
GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE
Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given
program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim: no
headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost certainly
want to direct into a file (e.g.,
GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack) rather than displaying it on
the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
Note that this is currently only implemented for the client
side of clones and fetches.
GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE
Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total
execution time of each Git command. See GIT_TRACE for
available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_REFS
Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database. See
GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_SETUP
Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and
current working directory after Git has completed its setup
phase. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW
Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
cloning of shallow repositories. See GIT_TRACE for available
trace output options.
GIT_TRACE_CURL
Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing
data, including descriptive information, of the git transport
protocol. This is similar to doing curl --trace-ascii on the
command line. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
options.
GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA
When a curl trace is enabled (see GIT_TRACE_CURL above), do
not dump data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).
GIT_TRACE2
Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2"
library. Output from GIT_TRACE2 is a simple text-based format
for human readability.
If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is
case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.
If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and
lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as
an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace
messages into this file descriptor.
Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
(starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a
file path and will try to append the trace messages to it. If
the path already exists and is a directory, the trace messages
will be written to files (one per process) in that directory,
named according to the last component of the SID and an
optional counter (to avoid filename collisions).
In addition, if the variable is set to
af_unix:[<socket-type>:]<absolute-pathname>, Git will try to
open the path as a Unix Domain Socket. The socket type can be
either stream or dgram.
Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false"
(case insensitive) disables trace messages.
See Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.
GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for
machine interpretation. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace
output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.
GIT_TRACE2_PERF
In addition to the text-based messages available in
GIT_TRACE2, this setting writes a column-based format for
understanding nesting regions. See GIT_TRACE2 for available
trace output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full
details.
GIT_TRACE_REDACT
By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values
of cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the
"Proxy-Authorization:" header and packfile URIs. Set this
Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
redaction.
GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS
Setting and exporting this environment variable tells Git to
ignore replacement refs and do not replace Git objects.
GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS
Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob
patterns. For example, running GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log
-- '*.c' will search for commits that touch the path *.c, not
any paths that the glob *.c matches. You might want this if
you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously
given to you by git ls-tree, --raw diff output, etc).
GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS
Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
Git to treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob"
magic).
GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS
Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
Git to treat all pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS
Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
Git to treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive.
GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH
Setting this Boolean environment variable to true tells Git
not to lazily fetch missing objects from the promisor remote
on demand.
GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
typically the name of the high-level command that updated the
ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. A
scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action helper
function in git-sh-setup to set its name to this variable when
it is invoked as the top level command by the end user, to be
recorded in the body of the reflog.
GIT_REF_PARANOIA
If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore
broken or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs.
Normally Git will try to include any such refs, which may
cause some operations to fail. This is usually preferable, as
potentially destructive operations (e.g., git-prune(1)) are
better off aborting rather than ignoring broken refs (and thus
considering the history they point to as not worth saving).
The default value is 1 (i.e., be paranoid about detecting and
aborting all operations). You should not normally need to set
this to 0, but it may be useful when trying to salvage data
from a corrupted repository.
GIT_COMMIT_GRAPH_PARANOIA
When loading a commit object from the commit-graph, Git
performs an existence check on the object in the object
database. This is done to avoid issues with stale
commit-graphs that contain references to already-deleted
commits, but comes with a performance penalty.
The default is "false", which disables the aforementioned
behavior. Setting this to "true" enables the existence check
so that stale commits will never be returned from the
commit-graph at the cost of performance.
GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL
If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
protocol.allow is set to never, and each of the listed
protocols has protocol.<name>.allow set to always (overriding
any existing configuration). See the description of
protocol.allow in git-config(1) for more details.
GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER
Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent
protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to the
user state. This is useful to restrict recursive submodule
initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See
git-config(1) for more details.
GIT_PROTOCOL
For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
Contains a colon : separated list of keys with optional values
<key>[=<value>]. Presence of unknown keys and values must be
ignored.
Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this
variable to pass over some transports. It will be propagated
automatically when accessing local repositories (i.e., file://
or a filesystem path), as well as over the git:// protocol.
For git-over-http, it should work automatically in most
configurations, but see the discussion in git-http-backend(1).
For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need to be configured to
allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using AcceptEnv
GIT_PROTOCOL with OpenSSH).
This configuration is optional. If the variable is not
propagated, then clients will fall back to the original "v0"
protocol (but may miss out on some performance improvements or
features). This variable currently only affects clones and
fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may be in the
future).
GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS
If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will
complete any requested operation without performing any
optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. For
example, this will prevent git status from refreshing the
index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running
in the background which do not want to cause lock contention
with other operations on the repository. Defaults to 1.
GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN, GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT, GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR
Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard
input/output/error handles to paths specified by the
environment variables. This is particularly useful in
multi-threaded applications where the canonical way to pass
standard handles via CreateProcess() is not an option because
it would require the handles to be marked inheritable (and
consequently every spawned process would inherit them,
possibly blocking regular Git operations). The primary
intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
(e.g. \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).
Two special values are supported: off will simply close the
corresponding standard handle, and if GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR is
2>&1, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
standard output.
GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS (deprecated)
If set to yes, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated)
SHA-1 value. This affects indications of detached HEADs (‐
git-checkout(1)) and the raw diff output (git-diff(1)).
Printing an ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer
considered adequate and support for it is likely to be removed
in the foreseeable future (along with the variable).
GIT_ADVICE
If set to 0, then disable all advice messages. These messages
are intended to provide hints to human users that may help
them get out of problematic situations or take advantage of
new features. Users can disable individual messages using the
advice.* config keys. These messages may be disruptive to
tools that execute Git processes, so this variable is
available to disable the messages. (The --no-advice global
option is also available, but old Git versions may fail when
this option is not understood. The environment variable will
be ignored by Git versions that do not understand it.)
More detail on the following is available from the Git concepts
chapter of the user-manual[3] and gitcore-tutorial(7).
A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a
".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains,
among other things, a compressed object database representing the
complete history of the project, an "index" file which links that
history to the current contents of the working tree, and named
pointers into that history such as tags and branch heads.
The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs,
which hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees
to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which each
reference a single tree and some number of parent commits.
The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
"version", represents a step in the project’s history, and each
parent represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more
than one parent represent merges of independent lines of
development.
All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents,
normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are
globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be
vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type, the
tag, is provided for this purpose.
When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but
for efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A
ref may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another
ref (the latter is called a "symbolic ref"). Refs with names
beginning refs/head/ contain the SHA-1 name of the most recent
commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
tags of interest are stored under refs/tags/. A symbolic ref named
HEAD contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for
each path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object
represents the contents of the file as of the head of the current
branch. The attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken
from the corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent
changes to the working tree can be found by comparing these
attributes. The index may be updated with new content, and new
commits may be created from the content stored in the index.
The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called
"stages") for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the
various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
Some configuration options and hook files may cause Git to run
arbitrary shell commands. Because configuration and hooks are not
copied using git clone, it is generally safe to clone remote
repositories with untrusted content, inspect them with git log,
and so on.
However, it is not safe to run Git commands in a .git directory
(or the working tree that surrounds it) when that .git directory
itself comes from an untrusted source. The commands in its config
and hooks are executed in the usual way.
By default, Git will refuse to run when the repository is owned by
someone other than the user running the command. See the entry for
safe.directory in git-config(1). While this can help protect you
in a multi-user environment, note that you can also acquire
untrusted repositories that are owned by you (for example, if you
extract a zip file or tarball from an untrusted source). In such
cases, you’d need to "sanitize" the untrusted repository first.
If you have an untrusted .git directory, you should first clone it
with git clone --no-local to obtain a clean copy. Git does
restrict the set of options and hooks that will be run by
upload-pack, which handles the server side of a clone or fetch,
but beware that the surface area for attack against upload-pack is
large, so this does carry some risk. The safest thing is to serve
the repository as an unprivileged user (either via git-daemon(1),
ssh, or using other tools to change user ids). See the discussion
in the SECURITY section of git-upload-pack(1).
See the references in the "description" section to get started
using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
for a first-time user.
The Git concepts chapter of the user-manual[3] and
gitcore-tutorial(7) both provide introductions to the underlying
Git architecture.
See gitworkflows(7) for an overview of recommended workflows.
See also the howto[4] documents for some useful examples.
The internals are documented in the Git API documentation[5].
Users migrating from CVS may also want to read
gitcvs-migration(7).
Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by
Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git
mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org[6]>.
https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary gives you a more
complete list of contributors.
If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of
git-shortlog(1) and git-blame(1) can show you the authors for
specific parts of the project.
Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org[6]> where
the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have
to be subscribed to the list to send a message there. See the list
archive at https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous bug reports
and other discussions.
Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately
to the Git Security mailing list
<git-security@googlegroups.com[7]>.
gittutorial(7), gittutorial-2(7), giteveryday(7),
gitcvs-migration(7), gitglossary(7), gitcore-tutorial(7),
gitcli(7), The Git User’s Manual[1], gitworkflows(7)
Part of the git(1) suite
1. Git User’s Manual
file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html
2. Trace2 documentation
file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/technical/api-trace2.html
3. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual
file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html#git-concepts
4. howto
file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/howto-index.html
5. Git API documentation
file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/technical/api-index.html
6. git@vger.kernel.org
mailto:git@vger.kernel.org
7. git-security@googlegroups.com
mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com
This page is part of the git (Git distributed version control
system) project. Information about the project can be found at
⟨http://git-scm.com/⟩. If you have a bug report for this manual
page, see ⟨http://git-scm.com/community⟩. This page was obtained
from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://github.com/git/git.git⟩ on 2025-08-11. (At that time,
the date of the most recent commit that was found in the
repository was 2025-08-07.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there is
a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
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Git 2.51.0.rc1 2025-08-07 GIT(1)
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